Discours rapporté et particules

Cet article concerne l’observation d’occurrences de discours rapporté (DR) extraites d’un corpus recueilli au Cameroun. Cette étude s’inscrit dans un questionnement plus large sur le morphème que. Son extrême fréquence dans le DR en fait un lieu d’observation privilégié. Le fonctionnement de que ne peut se comprendre indépendamment du faisceau d’indices au sein duquel il intervient : verbes de parole, pauses, prosodie, particules. Ces dernières en particulier jouent des rôles multiples, structurant le DR sur le modèle de la conversation spontanée, mais signalant également l’intervention du locuteur dans les propos qu’il rapporte. Les relations entretenues avec le verbe de parole et leur participation à la prédication permettront de proposer des éléments d’interprétation quant au rôle de que.This article observes several instances of reported speech (thereafter DR, for discours rapporté) taken from a corpus collected in Cameroon. The study of DR is part of a broader issue concerning the morpheme que. Its high frequency in reported utterances makes the DR a privileged locus for observation. The role of que cannot be understood regardless of a set of markers with which it is found: verbs of speech, pauses, intonation, particles. The particles in particular play several parts. They organize the DR on the model of spontaneous conversation; they also show the involvement of the speaker in what he relates. Their relationships with the verb of speech and their contribution in the predication will allow us to provide elements for an interpretation of the role of que

De l'enquête ethnographique à l'analyse linguistique (l'exemple du discours rapporté au Cameroun)

Le français cohabite avec une multitude de langues au Cameroun, mais il investit des situations de paroles très diversifiées dans les grandes métropoles camerounaises que sont Douala et Yaoundé. L objet de cette étude est de proposer une exploration de cette situation intégrant à la fois les pratiques de l enquête de terrain (visant la fabrication d un corpus écologique), la réflexion sociolinguistique et l analyse syntaxique, au sein d une approche unifiée. Cette démarche est guidée par l attention permanente portée aux catégories émiques, émergeant des pratiques des locuteurs. L analyse réflexive des pratiques de terrain permet d envisager le discours au sein d activités interactionnelles situées, sur lesquelles se base la fabrication du corpus, et d étayer la réflexion sociolinguistique sur les dynamiques discursives. Dans cette perspective, l analyse du discours rapporté (le DR, désignant la représentation d un discours autre) se base sur l interprétation des indices de contextualisation, et permet d envisager le DR comme une stratégie discursive. L approche syntaxique des indices de contextualisation permettra de mettre au jour des processus de réappropriation de la structure du DR (en tant que forme linguistique) à des fins interactionnelles.The French language co-exists with a multitude of languages in Cameroon, and exists in especially diverse speech contexts in the major Cameroonian cities of Douala and Yaoundé.. The purpose of this study is to explore this situation, integrating field survey methods (with the goal of producing an ecological corpus), sociolinguistic observations and syntactical analysis in a unified approach. This approach is guided by the particular attention to emic categories as they emerge from the practices of speakers. The reflexive analysis of fieldwork practices allows us to consider speech as discourse within situated interactional activities, which act as the base of the corpus construction, and to support sociolinguistic observations of discourse dynamics. In this perspective, analysis of reported speech (RS, designating the representation of discours autre discourse of an other ) is based on the interpretation of contextualization clues, and allows us to consider reported speech as a discursive strategy. Taking a syntactical approach to contextualisation clues, this study reveals the process of reappropriation of the structure of RS (as a linguistic form) for interactional purposes.NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Présentation d’une enquête pour l’étude des régionalismes du français

Dans cette contribution, nous présentons les premiers résultats d’une enquête visant à étudier la vitalité et l’aire d’extension de certains régionalismes du français parlé en Europe. Un questionnaire a été proposé et diffusé via les médias sociaux, mettant ainsi à profit la méthode dite du crowdsourcing, qui a permis de recueillir les réponses de plus de 10 000 francophones. L’enquête porte principalement sur des items lexicaux mais inclut également des régionalismes grammaticaux, plus rarement étudiés. Cet article présente les principes qui ont motivé la mise au point de cette enquête, la structure du questionnaire, les participants, ainsi que quelques résultats préliminaires. Nous nous interesserons ici en particulier à des faits linguistiques bien connus (l’idée étant de comparer nos données aux éléments fournis par les dictionnaires de régionalismes traditionnels). Nous présenterons une douzaine de questions du sondage, en précisant la tâche proposée et une visualisation des réponses sous forme de cartes. En regard des travaux précédents, plusieurs cas de figure se dessinent : certains régionalismes restent bien employés, alors que d’autres semblent en perte de vitesse. Dans d’autres cas, l’aire d’extension des variantes à l’étude est tellement large qu’on ne peut y voir un fait de variation régionale

Présentation d’une enquête pour l’étude des régionalismes du français

Dans cette contribution, nous présentons les premiers résultats d’une enquête visant à étudier la vitalité et l’aire d’extension de certains régionalismes du français parlé en Europe. Un questionnaire a été proposé et diffusé via les médias sociaux, mettant ainsi à profit la méthode dite du crowdsourcing, qui a permis de recueillir les réponses de plus de 10 000 francophones. L’enquête porte principalement sur des items lexicaux mais inclut également des régionalismes grammaticaux, plus rarement étudiés. Cet article présente les principes qui ont motivé la mise au point de cette enquête, la structure du questionnaire, les participants, ainsi que quelques résultats préliminaires. Nous nous interesserons ici en particulier à des faits linguistiques bien connus (l’idée étant de comparer nos données aux éléments fournis par les dictionnaires de régionalismes traditionnels). Nous présenterons une douzaine de questions du sondage, en précisant la tâche proposée et une visualisation des réponses sous forme de cartes. En regard des travaux précédents, plusieurs cas de figure se dessinent : certains régionalismes restent bien employés, alors que d’autres semblent en perte de vitesse. Dans d’autres cas, l’aire d’extension des variantes à l’étude est tellement large qu’on ne peut y voir un fait de variation régionale

Dynamiques linguistiques: variation, évolution et cognition: Etudes en hommage à Bernard Laks

International audienc

Dynamiques linguistiques: variation, évolution et cognition: Etudes en hommage à Bernard Laks

International audienc

Optional realization of the French negative particule (ne) on Twitter: Can big data reveal new sociolinguistic patterns?

International audienceFrom the outset, sociolinguistics has taken the question of data seriously (Labov, 1975). It is thus not surprising that the field recently joined the movement of computational social sciences (Lazer et al., 2009) that results from the ability to collect and model vast digital datasets concerning the behavior of individuals in collective contexts. The emerging field of computational sociolinguistics (Nguyen et al., 2016) works on data resulting from the use of sensors (proximity sensors, wearable recorders) or the digital communication that permits automatic, ongoing and unsupervised recording through the collection of traces on the web, social media or portable terminals.This paper aims at illustrating how large datasets including language and social links reveal sociolinguistic patterns that could remain invisible with smaller samples. More precisely, the dataset includes 100 million of tweets authored by 1 million of users, combined with the follower links between them. The tweets are written in French and the sample represents 10% of the production in the GMT+1 time zone between June 2014 and July 2016. We examine (ne), a sociolinguistic variable of French: optional realization of the first morpheme of the negation (Je fume pas vs. Je ne fume pas, I do not smoke) for three reasons : (ne) is a well-documented sociolinguistic marker of spoken French (Armstrong et Smith, 2002, inter alia) ; realization and omission of (ne) are visible in the written tweets; (ne) is always realized in the standard writing, which allows an assessment of the adherence of the users to the writing norm. We will present the empirical procedures for extracting the tweets that include a negative construction and for constructing a social network based on the reciprocal mentions between users. We will then focus on three results: 1/ The overall score of (ne) realization and its regional variation in France (approx. 16% in the North and 28% in the South); 2/ A never before seen pattern showing a very regular variation of (ne) realization according to the time of day, every day in the week (increase in the morning, decrease during the night); 3/ The observation that users with high scores interact frequently with each other. The discussion focusses on the sociolinguistic meaning of the results, including the close examination of the risk of bias. Finally, we will defend that thick data should combine with big data in order to explain such patterns (Wang, 2013)

Optional realization of the French negative particule (ne) on Twitter: Can big data reveal new sociolinguistic patterns?

International audienceFrom the outset, sociolinguistics has taken the question of data seriously (Labov, 1975). It is thus not surprising that the field recently joined the movement of computational social sciences (Lazer et al., 2009) that results from the ability to collect and model vast digital datasets concerning the behavior of individuals in collective contexts. The emerging field of computational sociolinguistics (Nguyen et al., 2016) works on data resulting from the use of sensors (proximity sensors, wearable recorders) or the digital communication that permits automatic, ongoing and unsupervised recording through the collection of traces on the web, social media or portable terminals.This paper aims at illustrating how large datasets including language and social links reveal sociolinguistic patterns that could remain invisible with smaller samples. More precisely, the dataset includes 100 million of tweets authored by 1 million of users, combined with the follower links between them. The tweets are written in French and the sample represents 10% of the production in the GMT+1 time zone between June 2014 and July 2016. We examine (ne), a sociolinguistic variable of French: optional realization of the first morpheme of the negation (Je fume pas vs. Je ne fume pas, I do not smoke) for three reasons : (ne) is a well-documented sociolinguistic marker of spoken French (Armstrong et Smith, 2002, inter alia) ; realization and omission of (ne) are visible in the written tweets; (ne) is always realized in the standard writing, which allows an assessment of the adherence of the users to the writing norm. We will present the empirical procedures for extracting the tweets that include a negative construction and for constructing a social network based on the reciprocal mentions between users. We will then focus on three results: 1/ The overall score of (ne) realization and its regional variation in France (approx. 16% in the North and 28% in the South); 2/ A never before seen pattern showing a very regular variation of (ne) realization according to the time of day, every day in the week (increase in the morning, decrease during the night); 3/ The observation that users with high scores interact frequently with each other. The discussion focusses on the sociolinguistic meaning of the results, including the close examination of the risk of bias. Finally, we will defend that thick data should combine with big data in order to explain such patterns (Wang, 2013)

Optional realization of the French negative particule (ne) on Twitter: Can big data reveal new sociolinguistic patterns?

International audienceFrom the outset, sociolinguistics has taken the question of data seriously (Labov, 1975). It is thus not surprising that the field recently joined the movement of computational social sciences (Lazer et al., 2009) that results from the ability to collect and model vast digital datasets concerning the behavior of individuals in collective contexts. The emerging field of computational sociolinguistics (Nguyen et al., 2016) works on data resulting from the use of sensors (proximity sensors, wearable recorders) or the digital communication that permits automatic, ongoing and unsupervised recording through the collection of traces on the web, social media or portable terminals.This paper aims at illustrating how large datasets including language and social links reveal sociolinguistic patterns that could remain invisible with smaller samples. More precisely, the dataset includes 100 million of tweets authored by 1 million of users, combined with the follower links between them. The tweets are written in French and the sample represents 10% of the production in the GMT+1 time zone between June 2014 and July 2016. We examine (ne), a sociolinguistic variable of French: optional realization of the first morpheme of the negation (Je fume pas vs. Je ne fume pas, I do not smoke) for three reasons : (ne) is a well-documented sociolinguistic marker of spoken French (Armstrong et Smith, 2002, inter alia) ; realization and omission of (ne) are visible in the written tweets; (ne) is always realized in the standard writing, which allows an assessment of the adherence of the users to the writing norm. We will present the empirical procedures for extracting the tweets that include a negative construction and for constructing a social network based on the reciprocal mentions between users. We will then focus on three results: 1/ The overall score of (ne) realization and its regional variation in France (approx. 16% in the North and 28% in the South); 2/ A never before seen pattern showing a very regular variation of (ne) realization according to the time of day, every day in the week (increase in the morning, decrease during the night); 3/ The observation that users with high scores interact frequently with each other. The discussion focusses on the sociolinguistic meaning of the results, including the close examination of the risk of bias. Finally, we will defend that thick data should combine with big data in order to explain such patterns (Wang, 2013)