Effect of center body mass initial height variation on squat jump biomechanical characteristics in handball players

kinetičke i kinematičke karakteristike skoka uvis iz polučučnja (SJ) i da se ispita pouzdanost i razlike praćenih varijabli u SJ iz standardnog (90o Hcmd) i spontano izabranog (izabrani Hcmd) početnog položaja. Predpostavljeno je da (1) postoji prihvatljiv nivo pouzdanosti kinetičkih i kinematičkih karakteristika SJ iz 90o Hcmd i izabrani Hcmd, da su (2) praćene varijable veće iz SJ iz izabrani Hcmd, da (3) varijacije Hcmd dovode do promena praćenih varijabli, da će najveće vrednosti Hmax biti iz optimalna Hcmd i da se razlikuju biomehaničke karakteristike SJ između dve različite grupe ispitanika. Ispitanici podeljeni u dve grupe (11 vrhunskih rukometaša i 13 fizički aktivnih ispitanika) izvodili su SJ iz 90o Hcmd i izabrani Hcmd, kao i SJ sa pomeranjem Hcmd naniže i naviše u odnosu na izabrani Hcmd kako bi se utvrdilo postojanje optimalna Hcmd. Rezultati su pokazali postojanje optimalna Hcmd koja se razlikuje od izabrani Hcmd i pri kojoj se postiže najveća vrednost visine skoka (Hmax). Zabeležena je i veća pouzdanost za kinetičke i kinematičke varijable (Hmax, Fmax i Pmax) za SJ iz izabrani Hcmd. Za isti tip skoka utvrđene su niže vrednosti dubine čučnja, kao i veće vrednosti ugla kolena, Fmax i Pmax dok se Hmax nije značajno razlikovala za dva tipa SJ. Nisu utvrđene razlike u veličini praćenih varijabli između 2 grupe ispitanika. Promena Hcmd nema značajan uticaj na Hmax, ali je uočena velika povezanost sa Fmax i Pmax. Iako se razlikuje od izabrani Hcmd, optimalna Hcmd ima mali uticaj na postizanje veće vrednosti Hmax. SJ iz izabrani Hcmd može predstavljati jednostavnu, pouzdanu i ekološki validniju proceduru testiranja u odnosu na SJ iz 90o Hcmd.(Hcmd) on squat jump (SJ) biomechanical characteristics and to examine the reliability and magnitude of the monitored variables in SJ from standard (90o Hcmd) and self-preferred (preferred Hcmd) initial position. It was hypothesized that (1) there is an acceptable level of reliability of the biomechanical characteristics of SJ from 90o Hcmd and preferred Hcmd, that (2) the monitored variables are larger from preferred Hcmd, that (3) variation in Hcmd lead to changes in monitored variables, that the highest values of Hmax will be from the optimal Hcmd and that the biomechanical characteristics of SJ will defer between two groups of subjects. Two subject groups (11 top handball players and 13 physically active subjects) performed SJ from 90o Hcmd and preferred Hcmd, as well SJ with moving Hcmd down and up in order to confirm optimal Hcmd. Results showed general higher reliability for the monitored mechanical variables (Hmax, Fmax and Pmax) for preferred SJ. Squat depth was smaller for the preferred SJ, while knee angle, Fmax and Pmax were higher for the preferred SJ. The magnitude Hmax did not differ significantly between both jump types. No significant differences were observed between group of handball players and physically active subjects. Optimal Hcmd was confirmed and it differs significantly from self-preferred position. Variation of Hcmd has no significant effect on Hmax, but a large association with Fmax and Pmax was confirmed. Although it deffers from preferred Hcmd, the optimal Hcmd has a small effect on higher Hmax values. The SJ from preferred Hcmd can be a simple, reliable and more ecologically valid testing procedure

Content and distribution of iron in river sediments at borehole site Rb-6/P-5d in area of Belgrade water supply

The current problem of water supplying systems for large cities with quality drinking water be‐ comes more and more complex every day. Consumption is growing rapidly due to an increase in the number of inhabitants, an increase in per capita consumption, and a number of large water consumers, such as industry and agriculture. For many cities, including Belgrade, the main source of drinking water is groundwater. The captured groundwater of Belgrade water source is formed in alluvial deposits of the Sava River and layers of Pleistocene age, previously formed from torrential flows of melted glaciers. Beside the limiting factor of the "capacity of the site", during the exploitation of the wells, due to the rapid ageing of wells, reducing of the capacity of the well and screen is observed (Dimkić, 2017). Reducing of the capacity of the well and screen happens due to hydrogeological, hydrological, hydraulic factors, as well as geochemical, mechanical and biological processes that take place in the collector of groundwater. Interaction of these factors leads to the formation of "deposits" (e.g. Majkić‐Dursun et al., 2015), which causes clogging the perforations on well screen structures and thus reduces the capacity of wells. Preliminary studies of water supply wells of the Belgrade groundwater source indicated to the increased content of iron in the deposits which causes clogging the filter perforations. The aim of this research is to determine the content of iron in individual lithological layers, as well as the distribution of iron content along the stratigraphic column, particularly in the aquifer, as a potential source of iron and the causative agent for the formation of the deposits on the well screen. These studies are part of the activities on the definition of the mechanism of transport of iron from the primary lithological setting, as well as on elucidation of the mechanism responsible for the precipitation of iron‐bearing deposits (i.e. iron minerals) on the well screen

Mlađ i konzumna kalifornijska pastrmka (Oncorhynchus mykiss) - hemijski sastav, sadržaj holesterola i masnokiselinski sastav fileta

Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchys mykiss) is well known fish species in the nature. Changes in proximate composition of fish meat are associated with age and size of fish. Cholesterol content in animal tissues is associated with feeding method and quality of food, in spite of regulatory mechanism of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Objective of this study was determination and comparison of proximate composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of fingerlings and marketable size rainbow trout from aquaculture. Samples of fingerlings (average mass of 99 g and length of 18.6 cm) and marketable size rainbow trout (average mass of 229 g and length of 23.3 cm) were collected in August 2010, in the fishpond 'Ribnik', Mrkonjić city, Republic Srpska - Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fingerlings and marketable size rainbow trout were fed complete mixture of similar composition for both fish categories (fish products, oils and fats, cereal products and oil seeds). Obtained results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) in the content of total lipids (3.81%, fingerlings and 4.17%, marketable size trout) and ash (1.27%, fingerlings and 1.29%, marketable size trout). Higher protein content was determined in marketable size trout fillets (18.69%), as well as lower water content (75.40%) compared to their content in fingerlings (17.72% proteins and 77.11% water). Cholesterol content was 82.59 mg/100g (fingerlings) and 70.12 mg/100g (marketable size trout). Statistically significant differences (p lt 0.05) in content of total saturated fatty acids was established between fingerlings and marketable size trout (31.81% and 29.14%, respectively), also in polyunsaturated fatty acids-PUFA (33.93% and 36.78%, respectively) and n-3 fatty acids (17.17% and 19.20%, respectively). Content of monounsaturated fatty acids was similar and ranged from 33.30%, in fingerlings, to 33.05% in marketable size trout. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in content of total n-6 fatty acids in fingerlings (16.76%) and marketable size fish (17.58%). Higher quantities of n-3 PUFA in fingerlings (17.17%) and commercial trout (19.20%) and lower quantities of n-6 PUFA (16.76% in fingerlings and 17.58% in marketable size trout) resulted in favourable n-3/n-6 ratio (1.02 in fingerlings and 1.09 in commercial trout). Content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) was 2.78% and 8.21% in fingerlings and 3.36% and 9.29% in marketable size fish, respectively. Content of EPA+DHA in total fatty acids was 10.99% in fingerlings and 12.65% in marketable size rainbow trout. By consumption 200 g of this fish intake of desirable fatty acids, EPA and DHA, is 0.84 g in fingerlings, and 1.06 g in marketable size rainbow trout, which is in accordance with recommendation of the American Heart Association for persons with cardiovascular disease (daily intake: in total 1g EPA and DHA). Trout growth was accompanied by increase of the protein content, decrease of the water content and increase in content of PUFA especially n-3 essential fatty acids. Due to significant content of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids and lower amounts of fat, rainbow trout can be considered as one of the most valuable food stuffs in human nutrition.Kalifornijska pastrmka (Oncorhynchus mykiss) je jedna od najpoznatijih vrsta ribe u prirodi. Promene u hemijskom sastavu mesa ribe su povezane sa starošću i veličinom ribe. Sadržaj holesterola u tkivima životinja je u vezi sa načinom i kvalitetom ishrane, uprkos regulatornom mehanizmu sinteze i apsorpcije holesterola. Cilj ovih ispitivanja je bio određivanje i poređenje hemijskog sastava, sadržaja holesterola i masnokiselinskog profi la mlađi i konzumne kalifornijske pastrmke iz akvakulture. Uzorci mlađi (prosečne mase 99 g i dužine 18,6 cm) i konzumne kalifornijske pastrmke (prosečne mase 229 g i dužine 23,3 cm) su sakupljeni u avgustu 2010. godine u ribnjaku 'Ribnik', Mrkonjić Grad, Republika Srpska - Bosna i Hercegovina. Mlađ i konzumna pastrmka su hranjene kompletnom hranom za pastrmku, sličnog sastava (riblji proizvodi, ulja i masnoće, proizvodi od žita i semena uljarica). Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da nema statistički značajne razlike (p > 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih lipida (3,81%, mlađ i 4,17%, konzumna pastrmka) i pepela (1,27%, mlađ i 1,29%, konzumna pastrmka). U filetima konzumne pastrmke je utvrđen veći sadržaj proteina (18,69%) i manji sadržaj vode (75,40%) u poređenju sa njihovim sadržajem u filetima mlađi (17,72% proteina i 77,11% vode). Sadržaj holesterola je bio 82,59 mg/100 g (mlađ) i 70,12 mg/100 g (konzumna pastrmka). U filetima mlađi i konzumne pastrmke utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih zasićenih masnih kiselina (31,81% i 29,14%, respektivno), polinezasićenih masnih kiselina - PNMK (33,93% i 36,78%, respektivno) i n-3 masnih kiselina (17,17% i 19,20%, respektivno). Sadržaj mononezasićenih masnih kiselina je bio sličan i iznosio je u mlađi 33,30% i u konzumnoj pastrmci 33,05%. Nije postojala statistički značajna razlika (p > 0,05) u sadržaju ukupnih n-6 masnih kiselina u mlađi (16,76%) i konzumnoj ribi (17,58%). Veće količine n-3 PNMK u fi letima mlađi (17,17%) i konzumne pastrmke (19,20%) i manje količine n-6 PNMK (16,76% u mlađi i 17,58% u konzumnoj pastrmci) daju povoljan odnos n-3 i n-6 (1,02 u mlađi i 1,09 u konzumnoj pastrmci). Sadržaj eikozapentaenske (EPA, C20:5 n-3) i dokozaheksaenske kiseline (DHA, C22:6 n-3) bio je 2,78% i 8,21% u mlađi i 3,36% i 9,29% u konzumnoj ribi, respektivno. Sadržaj EPA+DHA u ukupnim masnim kiselinama je bio 10,99% u mlađi i 12,65% u konzumnoj kalifornijskoj pastrmci. Konzumiranjem 200 g ove ribe unos poželjnih masnih kiselina, EPA i DHA, iznosi 0,84 g za mlađ, odnosno 1,06 g za konzumnu kalifornijsku pastrmku, što je u skladu sa preporukom Američkog udruženja za srce za osobe sa kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima (dnevni unos: ukupno 1 g EPA i DHA). Rast pastrmke je bio praćen povećanjem sadržaja proteina, smanjenjem sadržaja vode i povećanjem PNMK, naročito n-3 esencijalnih masnih kiselina. Zbog značajnog sadržaja proteina i nezasićenih masnih kiselina i male količine masti, kalifornijska pastrmka se može svrstati u jednu od nutritivno najvrednijih namirnica u ishrani ljudi

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as a Marker of Different Forms of Systemic Sclerosis

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease which affects various tissues and organs, including skin, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Cardiac involvement is the most commonly recognized problem and a significant cause of morbidity. The brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a previously known marker of elevated cardiovascular risk in SSc, but the levels of BNP in various forms of SSc have not been investigated so far. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of SSc on the function of the right ventricle and the right atrium using the echocardiographic parameters. Moreover, we examined the levels of BNP in different forms of SSc as well as the association of disease severity with the plasma concentrations of BNP. Methods: We included 42 patients with newly diagnosed SSc and patients whose disease had been diagnosed earlier. SSc patients and non-SSc control patients were examined by using echocardiography and the concentrations of BNP were determined. Results: We analyzed differences in the parameters of right ventricle (RV) function and right atrium (RA) function between SSc patients and healthy controls. The two groups had similar distribution of gender, but SSc patients were significantly older than controls. RV wall thickness was increased in SSc patients (p lt 0.001), while right ventricular end-systolic area (RVEDA; p=0.408) and right ventricular end-diastolic area (RVEDA; p=0.368) did not differ among the examinees. In contrast, RA minor-axis dimension (p=0.001) and the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (p=0.001) were significantly higher in SSc patients. Also, we analyzed differences in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations between diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (DSSc) and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (LSSc) patients. DSSc patients had significantly higher concentrations of BNP. We found that levels of BNP were in significant positive correlations with age (p=0.007), disease duration (p=0.023), C reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.032), right ventricle fractional area change (FAC) (p=0.022), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and Rodnan score (p=0.019). Conclusions: Given the obtained results, the laboratory determination of BNP could be useful in differentiating different forms of systemic sclerosis as well as in predicting the severity of the disease and future cardiovascular complications

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION ON THE VOLUME, NUMBER AND SIZE OF NEURONS IN THE AMYGDALA AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF RATS

Background: Maternal deprivation (MD) in rodents is an important neurodevelopmental model for studying a variety of behavioral changes which closely resemble the symptoms of schizophrenia in humans. Subjects and methods: To determine whether early-life stress leads to changes in the limbic system structures: the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, 9-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to 24 hour MD. On P60 the rats were sacrificed for morphometric analysis and their brains were compared to the control group. Results: Results show that MD affected important limbic system structures: the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, whose volume was decreased (17 % of the control value for the amygdala and 9% of the control value for the nucleus accumbens ), as well as the number of neurons (41 % of the control value for the amygdala and 43% of the control value for the nucleus accumbens ) and the size of their cells soma (12% of the control value for the amygdala and 33% of the control value for the nucleus accumbens ). Conclusion: This study indicates that early stress in life leads to changes in the morphology of the limbic areas of the brain, most probably due to the loss of neurons during postnatal development, and it further contributes to our understanding of the effects of maternal deprivation on brain development