Системы автоматизированного освоения радиотехнических систем обеспечения полетов авиации

There is a review of the way of training and retraining of radio-technical systems operators by using system of automated exploration, which is able to identify and manage the individual training programРассматривается способ подготовки и переподготовки операторов радиотехнических систем с помощью системы автоматизированного освоения, способной определять и управлять программой индивидуальной подготовк

Transcriptomic Signature of Human Embryonic Thyroid Reveals Transition From Differentiation to Functional Maturation

The human thyroid gland acquires a differentiation program as early as weeks 3–4 of embryonic development. The onset of functional differentiation, which manifests by the appearance of colloid in thyroid follicles, takes place during gestation weeks 10–11. By 12–13 weeks functional differentiation is accomplished and the thyroid is capable of producing thyroid hormones although at a low level. During maturation, thyroid hormones yield increases and physiological mechanisms of thyroid hormone synthesis regulation are established. In the present work we traced the process of thyroid functional differentiation and maturation in the course of human development by performing transcriptomic analysis of human thyroids covering the period of gestation weeks 7–11 and comparing it to adult human thyroid. We obtained specific transcriptomic signatures of embryonic and adult human thyroids by comparing them to non-thyroid tissues from human embryos and adults. We defined a non-TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) dependent transition from differentiation to maturation of thyroid. The study also sought to shed light on possible factors that could replace TSH, which is absent in this window of gestational age, to trigger transition to the emergence of thyroid function. We propose a list of possible genes that may also be involved in abnormalities in thyroid differentiation and/or maturation, hence leading to congenital hypothyroidism. To our knowledge, this study represent the first transcriptomic analysis of human embryonic thyroid and its comparison to adult thyroid

A Functional Role for 4qA/B in the Structural Rearrangement of the 4q35 Region and in the Regulation of FRG1 and ANT1 in Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

The number of D4Z4 repeats in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q is strongly reduced in patients with Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy (FSHD). We performed chromosome conformation capture (3C) analysis to document the interactions taking place among different 4q35 markers. We found that the reduced number of D4Z4 repeats in FSHD myoblasts was associated with a global alteration of the three-dimensional structure of the 4q35 region. Indeed, differently from normal myoblasts, the 4qA/B marker interacted directly with the promoters of the FRG1 and ANT1 genes in FSHD cells. Along with the presence of a newly identified transcriptional enhancer within the 4qA allele, our demonstration of an interaction occurring between chromosomal segments located megabases away on the same chromosome 4q allows to revisit the possible mechanisms leading to FSHD

The role of the D4Z4 repeat and the KLF15 transcription factor in the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)

La dystrophie musculaire facioscapulohumérale (FSHD) est la troisième myopathie la plus fréquente en Europe. La maladie atteint progressivement les muscles du visage, des bras et des jambes. Les symptômes apparaissent dans la majorité des cas avant 20 ans et la maladie, souvent douloureuse, provoque fréquemment un handicap majeur qui nécessite de se déplacer en fauteuil roulant. J'ai démontré que la protéine KLF15 est surexprimée dans les tissus des patients FSHD et dans les myoblastes cultivés in vitro et prélevés sur des patients FSHD. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que la surexpression du facteur KLF15 pourrait être expliquée par le stress oxydant induit par DUX4 et la surexpression de certains facteurs de myogenèse induits par DUX4c. J'ai démontré que KLF15 interagit directement avec les répétitions D4Z4 et contrôle leur fonction d'activation de transcription. Ainsi KLF15 sert de médiateur entre les répétitions D4Z4 et deux gènes dans la région 4q35: FRG2 et DUX4c ce que explique la surexpression de ces deux gènes dans la FSHD. La surexpression du gène DUX4c, homologue du DUX4, perturbe le programme de différentiation musculaire en activant certains facteurs de myogenèse (myomiRs ou microRNAs myogéniques). En somme, la découverte du rôle du facteur KLF15 dans la FSHD met en évidence une boucle de rétrocontrôle positif qui relie la surexpression du facteur KLF15 avec la surexpression des gènes codés dans la région 4q35. Le rôle central du facteur KLF15 dans ce nouveau modèle de la maladie permet d'envisager une nouvelle piste thérapeutique pour la dystrophie FSHD basé sur l'inhibition du facteur KLF15.Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a dominant hereditary disease with a prevalence of 7 per 100,000 individuals, is associated with a partial deletion in the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q. The D4Z4 repeat contains a strong transcriptional enhancer that activates promoters of several FSHD-related genes. We here report that the enhancer within the D4Z4 repeat binds the Krüppel-like factor KLF15. KLF15 was found to be upregulated during myogenic differentiation induced by serum starvation or by overexpression of the myogenic differentiation factor MYOD. When overexpressed, KLF15 activated the D4Z4 enhancer and led to overexpression of DUX4c (Double homeobox 4, centromeric) and FRG2 (FSHD region gene 2) genes, whereas its silencing caused inactivation of the D4Z4 enhancer. In immortalized human myoblasts the D4Z4 enhancer was activated by the myogenic factor MYOD, an effect that was abolished upon KLF15 silencing or when the KLF15 binding sites within the D4Z4 enhancer were mutated, indicating that the myogenesis-related activation of the D4Z4 enhancer was mediated by KLF15. KLF15 and several myogenesis-related factors were found to be expressed at higher levels in myoblasts, myotubes and muscle biopsies from FSHD patients than in healthy controls. We propose that KLF15 serves as a molecular link between myogenic factors and the activity of the D4Z4 enhancer, and thus contributes to the overexpression of the DUX4c and FRG2 genes during normal myogenic differentiation and in FSHD

Le rôle de l'élément répété D4Z4 et du facteur de transcription KLF15 dans la dystrophie musculaire facioscapulohumérale (FSHD)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a dominant hereditary disease with a prevalence of 7 per 100,000 individuals, is associated with a partial deletion in the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q. The D4Z4 repeat contains a strong transcriptional enhancer that activates promoters of several FSHD-related genes. We here report that the enhancer within the D4Z4 repeat binds the Krüppel-like factor KLF15. KLF15 was found to be upregulated during myogenic differentiation induced by serum starvation or by overexpression of the myogenic differentiation factor MYOD. When overexpressed, KLF15 activated the D4Z4 enhancer and led to overexpression of DUX4c (Double homeobox 4, centromeric) and FRG2 (FSHD region gene 2) genes, whereas its silencing caused inactivation of the D4Z4 enhancer. In immortalized human myoblasts the D4Z4 enhancer was activated by the myogenic factor MYOD, an effect that was abolished upon KLF15 silencing or when the KLF15 binding sites within the D4Z4 enhancer were mutated, indicating that the myogenesis-related activation of the D4Z4 enhancer was mediated by KLF15. KLF15 and several myogenesis-related factors were found to be expressed at higher levels in myoblasts, myotubes and muscle biopsies from FSHD patients than in healthy controls. We propose that KLF15 serves as a molecular link between myogenic factors and the activity of the D4Z4 enhancer, and thus contributes to the overexpression of the DUX4c and FRG2 genes during normal myogenic differentiation and in FSHD.La dystrophie musculaire facioscapulohumérale (FSHD) est la troisième myopathie la plus fréquente en Europe. La maladie atteint progressivement les muscles du visage, des bras et des jambes. Les symptômes apparaissent dans la majorité des cas avant 20 ans et la maladie, souvent douloureuse, provoque fréquemment un handicap majeur qui nécessite de se déplacer en fauteuil roulant. J'ai démontré que la protéine KLF15 est surexprimée dans les tissus des patients FSHD et dans les myoblastes cultivés in vitro et prélevés sur des patients FSHD. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que la surexpression du facteur KLF15 pourrait être expliquée par le stress oxydant induit par DUX4 et la surexpression de certains facteurs de myogenèse induits par DUX4c. J'ai démontré que KLF15 interagit directement avec les répétitions D4Z4 et contrôle leur fonction d'activation de transcription. Ainsi KLF15 sert de médiateur entre les répétitions D4Z4 et deux gènes dans la région 4q35: FRG2 et DUX4c ce que explique la surexpression de ces deux gènes dans la FSHD. La surexpression du gène DUX4c, homologue du DUX4, perturbe le programme de différentiation musculaire en activant certains facteurs de myogenèse (myomiRs ou microRNAs myogéniques). En somme, la découverte du rôle du facteur KLF15 dans la FSHD met en évidence une boucle de rétrocontrôle positif qui relie la surexpression du facteur KLF15 avec la surexpression des gènes codés dans la région 4q35. Le rôle central du facteur KLF15 dans ce nouveau modèle de la maladie permet d'envisager une nouvelle piste thérapeutique pour la dystrophie FSHD basé sur l'inhibition du facteur KLF15

Le rôle de l'élément répété D4Z4 et du facteur de transcription KLF15 dans la dystrophie musculaire facioscapulohumérale (FSHD)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a dominant hereditary disease with a prevalence of 7 per 100,000 individuals, is associated with a partial deletion in the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q. The D4Z4 repeat contains a strong transcriptional enhancer that activates promoters of several FSHD-related genes. We here report that the enhancer within the D4Z4 repeat binds the Krüppel-like factor KLF15. KLF15 was found to be upregulated during myogenic differentiation induced by serum starvation or by overexpression of the myogenic differentiation factor MYOD. When overexpressed, KLF15 activated the D4Z4 enhancer and led to overexpression of DUX4c (Double homeobox 4, centromeric) and FRG2 (FSHD region gene 2) genes, whereas its silencing caused inactivation of the D4Z4 enhancer. In immortalized human myoblasts the D4Z4 enhancer was activated by the myogenic factor MYOD, an effect that was abolished upon KLF15 silencing or when the KLF15 binding sites within the D4Z4 enhancer were mutated, indicating that the myogenesis-related activation of the D4Z4 enhancer was mediated by KLF15. KLF15 and several myogenesis-related factors were found to be expressed at higher levels in myoblasts, myotubes and muscle biopsies from FSHD patients than in healthy controls. We propose that KLF15 serves as a molecular link between myogenic factors and the activity of the D4Z4 enhancer, and thus contributes to the overexpression of the DUX4c and FRG2 genes during normal myogenic differentiation and in FSHD.La dystrophie musculaire facioscapulohumérale (FSHD) est la troisième myopathie la plus fréquente en Europe. La maladie atteint progressivement les muscles du visage, des bras et des jambes. Les symptômes apparaissent dans la majorité des cas avant 20 ans et la maladie, souvent douloureuse, provoque fréquemment un handicap majeur qui nécessite de se déplacer en fauteuil roulant. J'ai démontré que la protéine KLF15 est surexprimée dans les tissus des patients FSHD et dans les myoblastes cultivés in vitro et prélevés sur des patients FSHD. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que la surexpression du facteur KLF15 pourrait être expliquée par le stress oxydant induit par DUX4 et la surexpression de certains facteurs de myogenèse induits par DUX4c. J'ai démontré que KLF15 interagit directement avec les répétitions D4Z4 et contrôle leur fonction d'activation de transcription. Ainsi KLF15 sert de médiateur entre les répétitions D4Z4 et deux gènes dans la région 4q35: FRG2 et DUX4c ce que explique la surexpression de ces deux gènes dans la FSHD. La surexpression du gène DUX4c, homologue du DUX4, perturbe le programme de différentiation musculaire en activant certains facteurs de myogenèse (myomiRs ou microRNAs myogéniques). En somme, la découverte du rôle du facteur KLF15 dans la FSHD met en évidence une boucle de rétrocontrôle positif qui relie la surexpression du facteur KLF15 avec la surexpression des gènes codés dans la région 4q35. Le rôle central du facteur KLF15 dans ce nouveau modèle de la maladie permet d'envisager une nouvelle piste thérapeutique pour la dystrophie FSHD basé sur l'inhibition du facteur KLF15

A set of vectors for introduction of antibiotic resistance genes by <it>in vitro </it>Cre-mediated recombination

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Introduction of new antibiotic resistance genes in the plasmids of interest is a frequent task in molecular cloning practice. Classical approaches involving digestion with restriction endonucleases and ligation are time-consuming.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>We have created a set of insertion vectors (pINS) carrying genes that provide resistance to various antibiotics (puromycin, blasticidin and G418) and containing a loxP site. Each vector (pINS-Puro, pINS-Blast or pINS-Neo) contains either a chloramphenicol or a kanamycin resistance gene and is unable to replicate in most <it>E. coli </it>strains as it contains a conditional R6Kγ replication origin. Introduction of the antibiotic resistance genes into the vector of interest is achieved by Cre-mediated recombination between the replication-incompetent pINS and a replication-competent target vector. The recombination mix is then transformed into <it>E. coli </it>and selected by the resistance marker (kanamycin or chloramphenicol) present in pINS, which allows to recover the recombinant plasmids with 100% efficiency.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Here we propose a simple strategy that allows to introduce various antibiotic-resistance genes into any plasmid containing a replication origin, an ampicillin resistance gene and a loxP site.</p

Remote Sensing Methods for the Retrieval of Inventory and Bioproductivity Parameters of Forests Using High Resolution Satellite Images

A method for automated processing high spatial resolution satellite images is proposed to retrieve inventory and bioproductivity parameters of forest stands. The method includes effective learning classifiers, inverse modeling, and regression modeling of the estimated parameters. Spectral and texture features are used to classify forest species. The results of test experiments for the selected area of Savvatievskoe forestry (Russia, Tver region) are presented. Accuracy estimates obtained using ground-based measurements demonstrate the effectiveness of using the proposed techniques to automate the process of updating information for the State Forest Inventory program of Russia

Information content of statistical texture features in the problem of recognition and mapping of natural and man-made objects from space images

Statistical texture features are frequently used for the thematic processing of very high spatial resolution satellite images. The assessment of information content of 1st and 2nd order statistics is carried out based on processing WorldView-2 images of test areas located on the territory of the Savvatyevskoe forestry and employing the corresponding ground-based data. The comparison of the accuracy and computational efficiency of traditional and ensemble classifiers in the problem of pattern recognition of various natural and man-made objects reveals the high performance of the error correcting output codes method. The estimates obtained in this study demonstrate the advantage of using ensemble classification and 2nd order statistical texture features