Inhibitory effect of the plant proteins mixture on the specific sucrase activity in intestine of diabetic mice

Background and Purpose: Increased activity of sucrase, one of the intestinal alpha-glucosidase founded in diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of sucrase activity, plays a major role in preventing rise in postprandial glucose level in diabetics. On peer-reviewed literature could be found regarding investigation the effect of mixture plant proteins, Mw 3 – 15 kDa (MPP), isolated from Astragali radix – Astragalus membranaceus Fisch., Foenugraeci semen – Trigonella foenum graecum L., Cichorii radix – Cichorium Intybus L. and Urticae radix and herba – Urtica dioica L. on sucrase activity. This plants are used in traditional medicine of treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine activity of sucrase in small intestinal homogenates of NOD diabetic mice on feeding with and without MPP in chow. Materials and Methods: In mice diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of aloxan-monohydrate (75 mg/kg b.m.) seven days before treatment with MPP. The proteins (Mw 3 – 15 kDa), were isolated from ethanol extract, each plants separately, by gel filtration method on Sephadex G-25 column. Eluted fraction which highest absorbance on 280 nm were pooled, dialyzed, lyophilized and mixed (MPP) and before treatment in mice solvent in sterile PBS. After seven days of treatment diabetic NOD mice with MPP (1,8 g/d), the small intestine was removed and divided into three segments, from pylorus to duodenum, and two equal lengths of the jejunum and ileum and homogenized in cold 0.14M KCl. Specific sucrase activity was determined using method of Dahlquist et. al., by sucrose as substrate. Results and Conclusion: We confirmed the increased specific sucrase activity in the intestine of diabetic NOD mice. Our results also indicate that MPP have strongly inhibitory potential on intestinal sucrase activity (p<0.05) in diabetic mice. Conclusions drawn from this study should be further supported and our future experiments will be focused on determining the amino acid sequence of each protein from MPP

Toxicological Assessment of P-9801091 Plant Mixture Extract after Chronic Administration in CBA/HZg Mice – A Biochemical and Histological Study

Acute, subchronic and chronic effects of the P-9801091 plant mixture extract at a dose of 20 mg/kg body mass were assessed in serum of healthy CBA/HZg mice at 24 hours, 7 days, 3 months and 6 months of treatment (experimental group), and compared with the values obtained in the control group of untreated healthy CBA/HZg mice. The P-9801091 plant mixture extract is an antihyperglycemic preparation containing Myrtilli folium (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), Taraxaci radix (Taraxacum officinale Web.), Cichorii radix (Cichorium intybus L.), Juniperi fructus (Juniperus communis L.), Centaurii herba (Centaurium umbellatum Gilib.), Phaseoli fructus sine semine (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Millefolii herba (Achillea millefolium L.), Mori folium (Morus nigra L.), Valerianae radix (Valeriana officinalis L.) and Urticae herba et radix (Urtica dioica L). Toxic effect of the P-9801091 plant mixture extract was assessed by the following biochemical parameters: urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cholesterol. Also, histopathological examination of the kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, testes and lungs was performed. Results of biochemical testing performed at specified time points generally showed no statistically significant differences from control values, with the only exception of the catalytic concentration of AST in the experimental group measured on day 7, which was significantly increased as compared with the control group (p<0.05). Pathohistological examination including characteristic organ and tissue structure, and parenchyma relationship to the adjacent blood vessels and connective tissue in the examined organs revealed no major pathologic changes

GSTP1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms and total serum GST concentration in stable male COPD

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genotypes were associated with COPD. GSTP1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by DNA methods and GST activity spectrophotometrically in older male Caucasian Croats (non-smokers, ex-smokers, and smokers) with stable COPD (n = 30) and sex/age matched controls (n = 60). The distribution of GSTP1 genotypes and alleles in controls vs. COPD showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of CC/CT+TT (wild type GSTP1 exon 6 vs. joint heterozygous and mutant homozygous GSTP1 exon 6) was 10.000 and statistically different (p = 0.002). In this study, the GSTP1 mutant genotype of exon 5 (GG), as well as GSTP1 mutant and heterozygous genotypes of exon 6 (TT and CT), were suggested to be genetic contributors to COPD susceptibility. Null GSTM1, null GSTT1 and joint GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes were not disease associated. Serum GST was not associated with GST genotypes and COPD or smoking history in our study subjects. Conclusions drawn from the study should be further supported and clarified by studies with larger sample sizes

Utjecaj akarboze na katalitičke aktivnosti alanin aminotransferaze i aspartat aminotransferaze u jetri kontrolnih i dijabetičnih CBA miševa

The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effects of diet containing 0.1% (m/m) of acarbose in standard laboratory chow on specific liver enzyme activities: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in control and diabetic CBA mice. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan monohydrate in a dose of 75 mg kg-1 mouse body mass seven days before the treatment with acarbose. There were four groups of CBA mice in the experiment: control (C) mice (n = 6) and diabetic (D) mice (n = 8) fed standard chow; control (C/A-100) mice (n = 8) and diabetic (D/A-100) mice (n = 8) fed standard chow containing 0.1% acarbose. Diabetes induced the decrease of the ALT catalytic activities to 69.6% of control value. A similar level of decreased ALT catalytic activity was detected in the liver of control and diabetic mice fed with chow containing 0.1% acarbose. No changes in the specific and total activities of AST in the liver of the experimental groups were observed.Svrha ovog rada bila je ispitati kratkotrajni učinak 0.1% (m/m) akarboze u suhoj hrani na katalitičku koncentraciju specifičnih jetrenih enzima: alanin aminotransferaze (ALT) i aspartat aminotransferaze (AST) u jetri kontrolnih i dijabetičnih CBA miševa. Dijabetes je bio izazvan i.v. injekcijom aloksan-monohidrata u dozi od 75 mg kg -1 tjelesne mase miša sedam dana prije početka ishrane s akarbozom. U pokusu su ispitane četiri skupine CBA miševa: kontrolna (C) (n = 6) i dijabetična (D) (n = 8) skupina bile su sedam dana na standardnoj ishrani, te kontrolna (C / A – 100) (n = 8) i dijabetična (D / A-100) (n = 8) skupina koje su hranjene 0.1 % akarbozom umiješanom u standardnu hranu. U skupini D katalitička koncentracija ALT-a bila je značajno snižena u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom C. Sličan pad katalitičke koncentracije ALT-a zabilježen je i u jetri kontrolnih i dijabetičnih miševa hranjenih suhom hranom u koju je bila umiješana akarboza (0.1%). U ispitanim skupinama nisu zabilježene promjene u specifičnoj i ukupnoj aktivnosti AST-a

Chemical composition, antioxidant and alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibiting activities of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus Leaves

Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) leaf is traditionally used in southeastern Europe for the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, the ability of bilberry leaf extracts to inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and restore glutathione concentration in Hep G2 cells subjected to glucose-induced oxidative stress was investigated. A comprehensive analysis of the antioxidant activity of two bilberry leaf extracts was performed. The aqueous extract showed excellent total antioxidant and chelating activity. Its antioxidant activity in the beta-carotene-linoleic acid assay was very good, reaching the activity of the antioxidant standard BHA (93.4 +/- 2.3% vs. 95.1 +/- 2.4%, respectively). The hydroethanolic extract (ethanol/H2O, 8:2, v/v), on the other hand, was a better radical scavenger and Fe2+ reducing agent. Furthermore, the aqueous extract was able to efficiently increase glutathione concentration in Hep G2 cells subjected to glucose-induced oxidative stress and restore it to the levels observed in non-hyperglycaemic cells. The hydroethanolic extract strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase, with the IC50 statistically equal to the antidiabetic drug acarbose (0.29 +/- 0.02 mg/mL vs. 0.50 +/- 0.01 mg/mL, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of quercetin and kaemferol derivatives, as well as chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid. The study results indicate that V. myrtillus leaf may have promising properties as a supporting therapy for diabetes.University of Zagrebinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Malonaldehyde and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Status in Children with Controlled Asthma

In the pathogenesis of asthma, oxidative stress appears to play an important role and existence of an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is evident. In this study the key markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of asthma in childhood in comparison to healthy subjects were investigated. Plasma marker of the lipid peroxidation: malondialdehyde (MDA), the erythrocytes antioxidative enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and cysteine-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH) were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods using blood samples collected from 37 healthy children and 44 asthmatic patients. The GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in asthmatic children (3.99±1.0 IU/g Hb) than in healthy controls (4.61±1.3 IU/g Hb; p0.05). Lower GSH-Px activity in children with controlled asthma showed deficient erythrocyte antioxidant defence and evidence of association between oxidative stress and asthma in childhood. Preserved activity of GR and SOD, together with concentration of GSH and MDA, still seems to be crucial in controlling antioxidant/oxidant balance of the disease

Concentration of malondialdehyde in a NOD mice treated with acarbose

Cilj: Malondialdehid (MDA) je jedan od toksičnih produkata lipidne peroksidacije, a koristi se u evaluaciji oksidativnog stresa tijekom šećerne bolesti. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati učinak akarboze (inhibitora α-glukozidaza) na koncentraciju glukoze u serumu i MDA u homogenatu jetre NOD (engl. non-obese diabetic) miševa. Materijali i metode: U NOD miševa šećerna bolest inducirana je i.v. aplikacijom aloksan-monohidrata (75 mg/kg t. mase). NOD miševi podijeljeni su u 4 skupine (n=6): Kontrolni, zdravi NOD miševi (K), Kontrolni, zdravi NOD miševi tretirani 7 dana akarbozom (K/A), dijabetični NOD miševi (D) te dijabetični NOD miševi tretirani 7 dana akarbozom (D/A). Koncentracija glukoze u krvi izmjerena je glukoza oksidaza-peroksidaza metodom, a koncentracija MDA u homogenatu jetre određena je upotrebom metode s tiobarbiturnom kiselinom. Rezultati: Nakon sedmodnevnog tretmana akarbozom zabilježeno je statistički značajno smanjenje koncentracije glukoze u krvi u skupini D/A u odnosu na skupinu D (p<0.05), a isto tako je uočen i statistički značajan pad koncentracije MDA (p<0.05). Zaključak: Ovi rezultati potvrđuju pozitivan antioksidacijski učinak akarboze što se može objasniti njezinim antihiperglikemijskim djelovanjem.Aim. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the toxic product of the lipid peroxida-tion, and that plays an important role in the evaluation of oxidative stress in the diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to study the effect of acarbo-se (α-glucosidase inhibitor) on serum glucose concentration and MDA in liver homogenate of NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice. Material and methods. Diabetes was induced in mice by i.v. administration of alloxan-monohydrate (75 mg/kg b.w.). The mice were divided into 4 groups (N=6): control, healthy mice (C), control healthy mice on 7-day treatment with acarbose (C/A), NOD mice (D), and NOD mice on 7-day acarbose treatment (D/A). The levels of blood glucose and of MDA in liver homogenate were determined by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method and a method with thiobarbituric acid, respectively. Results. Significant reduction in blood glucose levels was observed after 7-day administration of acarbose in D/A group compared to D group (p<0.05), together with a significant fall in MDA concentration (p<0.05). Conclusion. This results confirmed thefavorable antioxidative effect of acarbose which may be explained by its antihyperglycemic action

COVID-19 i šećerna bolest

COVID-19, bolest uzrokovana novim koronavirusom SARSCoV- 2, pojavila se u Kini krajem 20 19. godine i ubrzo počela širiti cijelim svijetom. SARS-Co V-2 pretežno inficira dišne putove, izazivajući blage simptome do težih, poput akutnog respiratornog sindroma koji može rezultirati zatajenjem organa koje na kraju dovodi do smrti. Bolest kod većine ljudi uzrokuje blage simptome, dok je opasna za novorođenčad, starije i imunokompromitirane osobe te osobe s komorbiditetima. Takva epidemijska bolest je i šećerna bolest od koje broj oboljelih u svijetu drastično raste: svjetske procjene govore da 463 milijuna osoba u dobi između 20 i 79 godina ima šećernu bolest od koje se vremenom razvijaju kronične komplikacije i rizici od razvoja ozbiljnih bolesti te smrti. Šećerna bolest kronični je metabolički sindrom nastao zbog apsolutnog i/ ili relativnog manjka inzulina, a karakteriziran je kroničnom hiperglikemijom koju prate poremećaji u metabolizmu ugljikohidrata, masti i proteina. Šećernu bolest prati razvoj različitih akutnih komplikacija koje nastaju naglo i brzo i zahtijevaju hitnu' intervenciju, a zbog loše kontrole bolesti i dugotrajne hiperglikemije dolazi do kroničnih komplikacija šećerne bolesti koje su posljedica oštećenja različitih tkiva i organa, a glavni su uzrok morbiditeta i mortaliteta osoba koje boluju od šećerne bolesti. Osobe sa šećernom bolesti su puno osjetljivije na infekciju SARS-CoV-2 virusom te nakon obolijevanja od bolesti COVID-19 imaju težu kliničku sliku i lošiji ishod bolesti. Neki od mogućih razloga leže u tome da infekcija virusom SARS-CoV-2 može dovesti do povećanih razina medijatora upale u krvi kao što su upalni citokini, toksični metaboliti i lipopolisaharidi te može doći do modulacije već ionako disreguliranog imunološkog odgovora u pacijenata sa šećernom bolesti. Uz to, infekcija virusom može dovesti do povećane proizvodnje reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta, fibroze i akutnog oštećenja pluća te akutnog respiratornog distres sindroma. Proizvodnja ROS-a i virusna aktivacija renin-angiotenzin-aldosteronskog sustava uzrokuju inzulinsku rezistenciju, hiperglikemiju i oštećenje vaskularnog endotela, dolazi i do povećanja komponenti zgrušavanja, fibrinogena i D-dimera, što dovodi do povećanja viskoznosti krvi i oštećenja vaskularnog endotela te naposljetku to sve pridonosi razvoju kardiovaskularnih problema, tromboemboliji i diseminiranoj intravaskularnoj koagulaciji (DIK). Lijekovi za snižavanje razine glukoze u krvi te oni za prigušivanje citokinske oluje i snižavanje razina laktata su korisni za učinkovitu terapiju kod COVID pacijenata sa šećernom bolešću, a ono što bi pomoglo u samom sprječavanju razvoja bolesti su poboljšanje metaboličkog zdravlja promjenom načina prehrane i života

Učinak flavonola miricetina na oksidacijski stres u šećernoj bolesti

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence ali over the world. Ali forms of diabetes mellitus are characterized by hyperglycemia and the development of diabetes-specific complications. Myricetin, flavonol with six hydroxyl groups is commonly ingested through human diets such as fruits, vegetablcs, tea, berries and red wine. Few studies have reported the health benefits of myricetin on diabetes mellitus. Myricetin has the function to ameliorate insulin resistance, antioxidative stress, anti-aldolase reductase and anti-hyperlipidemia effects. Ali of these functions may provide the contribution to the prevention of diabetes mellitus