4,348 research outputs found
Is there more to international Diffusion than Culture? An investigation on the Role of Marketing and Industry Variables
Companies employ international diffusion models to assess the local market potential and local diffusion speed to support their decision making on market entry. After their entry into a country, they use the model forecasts for their performance controlling. To this end, empirical applications of international diffusion models aim to link differential diffusion patterns across countries to various exogenous drivers. In the literature, macro- and socioeconomic variables like population characteristics, culture, economic development, etc. have been linked to differential penetration developments across countries. But as companies cannot influence these drivers, their marketing decisions that shape national diffusion patterns are ignored. Is this reasonable? What then, is the role of marketing instruments in an international diffusion context? We address this issue and compare the influence of these prominent exogenous drivers of international diffusion with that of industry and marketing-mix variables. To account for all of these factors and simultaneously accommodate the influence of varying cross-country interactions, we develop a more flexible yet parsimonious model of international diffusion. Finally, to avoid technical issues in implementing spatially dependent error terms we introduce the test concept of Moran's I to international diffusion model. We demonstrate that the lead-lag effect in conjunction with spatial neighborhood effects controls most of the spatial autocorrelation. Using this combined approach we find that --- for cellulars --- industry and marketing-mix variables explain international diffusion patterns better than macro- and socioeconomic drivers. --
Heterogeneous Response Functions in Advertising
De Fleur (1956) provides the earliest evidence of diminishing returns. He finds a common logarithmic pattern for leaflets dropped and message recalled in field experiment. Since then, many researchers have applied logarithmic or square root patterns to capture the effect of diminishing returns with their advertising response modeling across different media. But discussions with managers support the notion that the diminishing returns to incremental dollars spent on one medium (say, television) are not likely to be the same as those for equivalent dollars spent on other media (e.g., Print). But if diminishing returns indeed vary across media, how does that change the resulting allocation recommendation? To address this issue, we derive a dynamic model that captures the notion of differential diminishing returns and disentangles it from closely related notions of differential carryovers and differential ad effectiveness. Second, we develop a systematic method to estimate the model's parameters using market data and illustrate empirically that all three effects, diminishing returns, carryover and ad effectiveness vary across the four media employed. Finally, we investigate the normative implications for managerial decision-making. Here, we additionally account for varying media buying efficiencies across media. Taken together, the approach and its illustration should provide managers with a better toolkit to allocate their multimedia budgets. --
Die Wertschöpfungskette des Handels im Zeitalter des Electronic Commerce - Was eingetreten ist und was dem Handel noch bevorsteht
Vor zehn Jahren untersuchten Albers/Peters (1997) die EinflĂŒsse des eCommerce auf die Wertschöpfungskette im Handel. Seit dieser Zeit ist die Entwicklung weiter vorangeschritten. Neben der erwarteten EntbĂŒndelung von HandelsaktivitĂ€ten wurde seitdem vor allem die UnterstĂŒtzung des Kaufprozesses der Konsumenten von branchenfremden InfomediĂ€ren ĂŒbernommen. Neue Technologien, Anwendungen und ein geĂ€ndertes Konsumentenverhalten werden die Effekte noch verstĂ€rken und stellen alle heutigen Marktteilnehmer, sowohl InfomediĂ€re als auch StationĂ€r-, Online- und Multichannel-HĂ€ndler, zukĂŒnftig vor noch gröĂere Herausforderungen. -- Ten years ago Albers/Peters (1997) analyzed the impact of eCommerce on the retail value chain. Since then major change has taken place. Apart from the expected unbundling of several retail activities along the value chain, especially the consumer buying process has been taken online and increasingly supported by new infomediaries. Those new infomediaries have taken the retailer's traditional ground. New technologies, applications and a changing consumer behavior will confront today's market players, infomediaries as well as offline-, online- and multichannelretailers, with even bigger challenges.eCommerce,Handel,Strategie,Multichannel,Wertschöpfungskette,Konsumentenverhalten
Essays zu Innovation und Kommunikation
The dissertation has been written within the post graduate program of the German Research Foundation (DFG) on âBusiness Aspects of Loosely Coupled Systems and Electronic Businessâ. This program focuses on research related to the diffusion of innovations in the digital age. Accordingly, the six research papers collectively represent three connected areas of this program: the diffusion of innovations, eCommerce and Digital Media, and Communication. As ever more innovations are introduced in an increasingly global economy, insights on the influence of marketing policies on the international diffusion of innovations may help to improve their launch (Papers A1 and A2). Simultaneously, the diffusion of the internet and mobile devices are changing the way firms and consumers conduct their business. The papers B1 and B2 investigate how the advent of eCommerce may change the retailing landscape. The new media also expand the range of media through which firms and consumers communicate with each other. Accordingly, paper C1 shows how managers may analyze differential diminishing returns in a dynamic multimedia context. The last paper C2 shows how managers can analyze and optimize the design of direct mailings to improve their effectiveness.Die kumulative Dissertation entstand im Rahmen des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs âBetriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte lose gekoppelter Systeme und Electronic Businessâ. Dieses Programm untersucht im Schwerpunkt die Diffusion von Innovationen im digitalen Zeitalter. Die sechs Arbeitspapiere und Veröffentlichungen beschĂ€ftigen sich mit drei verbundenen Aspekten dieses Programms: der Diffusion von Innovationen, dem eCommerce und digitalen Medien sowie Aspekten der Kommunikation. In einer global vernetzten Wirtschaft werden heute immer mehr Innovationen in die internationalen MĂ€rkte eingefĂŒhrt. Es ist daher von groĂem Interesse, den Einfluss von Marketing-Mix-Instrumenten auf den Erfolg internationaler ProdukteinfĂŒhrungen besser zu verstehen. Die BeitrĂ€ge A1 und A2 widmen sich dieser Fragestellung. Zugleich fĂŒhrt die Diffusion des Internets sowie der MobilfunkgerĂ€te zu tiefgreifenden strukturellen Ănderungen im Verhalten von Unternehmen und Konsumenten. Die BeitrĂ€ge B1 und B2 betrachten die potentiellen Auswirkungen dieser VerĂ€nderungen auf den Handel. Diese beiden neuen Medien verĂ€ndern darĂŒber hinaus die Medienlandschaft nachhaltig. Entsprechend beschĂ€ftigt sich der Beitrag C1 mit der Frage, wie sich unterschiedliche GrenzertrĂ€ge von Medien in einem dynamischen multimedialen Kontext ermitteln lassen. Der Beitrag C2 geht hingegen der Frage nach, auf welche Weise der Einsatz von Direct-Mailings ĂŒber ein besseres Design effektiver gestaltet werden kann
The Effects of the Diet Suggested in the United States Dietary Goals on Serum Cholesterol Levels
The effects of the diet suggested in the United States Dietary Goals on serum cholesterol levels was studied by using male Holtzman rats. There were twelve experimental diets. All of the diets contained 28% of total calories as fat. The type of fat was either saturated, unsaturated, or half saturated and half unsaturated. Two sources of carbohydrate, sucrose and cornstarch, and tw6 levels of each, 52% and 62%, were examined. The source of protein was the same in all diets, but varied in amount, 10% or 20% of total calories. The type of fat did not yield a significant difference in total cholesterol, but HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in diets with unsaturated fat. Diets containing sucrose yielded significantly higher total cholesterol levels than cornstarch based diets, especially when the fat was half saturated and half unsaturated. Percent HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the starch diets than in the sucrose diets. Level of protein in the diets produced no significant effects except that total cholesterol and percent HDL cholesterol were highest when the lowest level of protein was combined with saturated fat. As the level 6f sucrose increased and levels of protein decreased, total cholesterol increased and percent HDL cholesterol decreased. The effects were just the opposite with starch, total cholesterol decreased and percent HDL increased. From these results, it appears that the source and level of carbohydrate in the diet had the most effect on serum cholesterol levels
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Mechanisms of hop resistance to the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)
Hop varieties were compared under field and greenhouse conditions to determine their relative susceptibility to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticac Koch. A fertility schedule was prepared for mites on resistant and susceptible varieties, and tests were conducted to compare sex ratio, oviposition rate, survival rate, and developmental rate of mites on resistant and susceptible varieties. Hop leaves were examined for traits that could affect mite life histories. Moisture content of leaves, leaf area, and density of ventral glands and hairs were related to oviposition, sex ratio, developmental times, survival, and female migration, using linear regression. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were used to analyze farnesol content of hop foliage and oil. Farnesol, nerolidol, geraniol, nerol, and an ether extract of twospotted spider mites were topically applied to female mites to determine effects on oviposition rates. In the greenhouse, mite densities were significantly greater (P < 0.05) on Comet and Fuggle than on L-8, L-1, and Cascade, using artificially infested plants. In the field, natural infestations were significantly lower (P < 0.005) on Fuggle and Cascade than on Talisman or Comet, and L-16 had the highest density. Mites on Cascade had a higher intrinsic rate of natural increase than on Fuggle, Comet, Talisman, or L-16, and mites on Cascade had the shortest generation time. The net reproductive rate was higher on Fuggle than on Cascade, Comet, Talisman, or L-16. No consistent differences were found in oviposition rates, sex ratio, or survival of mites reared on resistant and susceptible varieties. Highly significant differences (P < 0.005) were found in developmental rates, and the developmental rate of mites on L- 16 was consistently slowed. Immature mites on L-16 and Talisman developed slowly, and differed in coloration from mites on Cascade, Fuggle, and Comet. Leaves from Cascade, Comet, L- 16, and Talisman differed significantly (P < 0.005) in moisture content and density of ventral hairs and glands. Statistically significant regressions were obtained relating oviposition to leaf area, sex ratio to ventral hairs, and development time to leaf moisture content and ventral hairs. Migrating females preferred Comet leaves to leaves from Talisman, Cascade, Fuggle, and L- 16; preference was not significantly related to leaf area, ventral hair density, ventral gland density, or Leaf moisture content. TLC and GLC methods were developed for detecting farnesol in hop foliage. Farnesol was detected in hop oil obtained from Fuggle cones. No farnesol was detected in petroleum ether extracts of hop foliage, using detection levels ranging from 6-200 farnesol/g of dry foliage. Topical applications of farnesol, nerolidol, geraniol, nerol, and mite extract produced no consistent effect on mite oviposition. Farnesol does not appear to be related to the resistance of hops to the twos potted spider mite, and it does not appear to act as a gonadotropin
Binding prediction of multi-domain cellulases with a dual-CNN
Cellulases hold great promise for the production of biofuels and
biochemicals. However, they are modular enzymes acting on a complex
heterogeneous substrate. Because of this complexity, the computational
prediction of their catalytic properties remains scarce, which restricts both
enzyme discovery and enzyme design. Here, we present a dual-input convolutional
neural network to predict the binding of multi-domain enzymes. This regression
model outperformed previous molecular dynamics-based methods for binding
prediction for cellulases in a fraction of the time. Also, we show that when
changed to a classification problem, the same network can be back-propagated to
suggest mutations to improve enzyme binding. A similar approach could increase
our understanding of the structure-activity relationship of enzymes, and
suggest new promising mutations for enzyme design using explainable artificial
intelligence
Visual Tactile Sensor Based Force Estimation for Position-Force Teleoperation
Vision-based tactile sensors have gained extensive attention in the robotics
community. The sensors are highly expected to be capable of extracting contact
information i.e. haptic information during in-hand manipulation. This nature of
tactile sensors makes them a perfect match for haptic feedback applications. In
this paper, we propose a contact force estimation method using the vision-based
tactile sensor DIGIT, and apply it to a position-force teleoperation
architecture for force feedback. The force estimation is done by building a
depth map for DIGIT gel surface deformation measurement and applying a
regression algorithm on estimated depth data and ground truth force data to get
the depth-force relationship. The experiment is performed by constructing a
grasping force feedback system with a haptic device as a leader robot and a
parallel robot gripper as a follower robot, where the DIGIT sensor is attached
to the tip of the robot gripper to estimate the contact force. The preliminary
results show the capability of using the low-cost vision-based sensor for force
feedback applications.Comment: IEEE CBS 202
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