Early Archean tonalite gneiss in the upper peninsula of Michigan

Geochronological results on tonalite gneiss of northern Michigan that is 3.56 Ga or slightly older is presented. Tonalitic augen gneiss and structurally overlying biotite gneiss and schist are exposed in a dome near Watersmeet. They are part of an extensive gneiss terrane of southern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan that includes rocks of early to late Archean ages and lies south of the Wawa volcanic subprovince. Two samples of the augen gneiss and one of the biotite gneiss show zircon grains of similar shape, zoning, color, and development of crystal faces. These zircons give Pb/U isotopic ratios that plot on a chord of 3,560 + or - 40 m.y. upper intersect and of 1,250 + or m.y. lower intersect. The 3,560 m.y. number is believed to be a minimum age because analysis of one of the least discordant zircon fractions by ion microprobe that gave a nearly concordant age of 3,650 m.y. The 1,250 m.y. lower intersect is without geological significance: it is interpreted to be a result of multiple lead loss at 2.7, 1.8, and 0.5 Ga by U/Pb in zircon. Archean rocks 10 to 25 km northwest of the Watersmeet dome give a 2.75 Ga age on zircons. Quartz monzonite here is dated at 2.65 Ga

Basking behavior of Emydid turtles (Chysemys picta marginata, Graptemys geographica, and Trachemys scripta elegans) in an urban landscape

Basking is common in emydid turtles and is generally accepted to be in thermoregulatory behavior. In 2004, we quantified and described the basking behavior of turtles in the Central Canal of Indianapolis. This canal system runs through an urban landscape that is dominated by fragmented woodlots, residential areas. and commercial areas. We observed that basking turtles exhibited variable basking behavior. with spatial and temporal shins in basking behavior from east-facing banks in the morning to west-facing banks in the afternoon. Turtles in the Central Canal are subject to frequent disturbance, which altered basking behavior. Many turtles forewent aerial basking on emergent substrates for aquatic basking on vegetation mats. which maintained warmer and more consistent temperatures than either emergent substrates or the surrounding water. Living in an intensively managed urban habitat, turtles in the Central Canal are susceptible to frequent anthropogenic perturbations, and future management should consider the life history and ecology of urban turtle population

Energy Expenditure During Passive Cycling: The Effects of Leg Mass, Cadence, and Adaptation

Passive cycling, during which a motor drives the pedals, increases energy expenditure above rest. However, little is known about the factors that influence energy expenditure during passive cycling. Our purpose was to quantify how leg mass, cycling cadence, and adaptation influence the energy expenditure during passive cycling. Eleven sedentary to recreationally active non-cyclists (5M, 6F, age 18-30) participated. The role of leg mass was studied by comparing one- and two-leg passive cycling. Cycling trials were performed at both 60 and 90 RPM to study the influence of cycling cadence. Adaptation was studied using multiple cycling trials and a 30-minute passive cycling trial. Rest and active (no load) cycling trials were performed for energy cost comparisons. Passive cycling significantly (p\u3c0.03) increased energy expenditure above rest for all cycling trials. The increases in energy expenditure during passive cycling were greater when two legs were compared to one leg (37% vs. 15% at 60 RPM; p=0.008 and 93% vs. 44% at 90 RPM; p=0.001). The increase in energy expenditure was greater for 90 RPM compared to 60 RPM two-leg passive cycling (93% vs. 37%; p\u3c0.001). The increase in energy expenditure was repeatable over multiple trials and was sustained for exercise durations of 30-minutes. Compared to the passive cycling trials, energy expenditure was significantly greater during active (no load) cycling at 60 and 90 RPM. In conclusion, increases in energy expenditure during passive cycling are directly related to the amount of activated leg mass and cycling cadence and not influenced by adaptation

Strontium isotope systematics of mixing groundwater and oil-field brine at Goose Lake in northeastern Montana, USA

Groundwater, surface water, and soil in the Goose Lake oil field in northeastern Montana have been affected by Cl- rich oil-field brines during long-term petroleum production. Ongoing multidisciplinary geochemical and geophysical studies have identified the degree and local extent of interaction between brine and groundwater. Fourteen samples representing groundwater, surface water, and brine were collected for Sr isotope analyses to evaluate the usefulness of 87Sr/86Sr in detecting small amounts of brine. Differences in Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr are optimal at this site for the experiment. Strontium concentrations range from 0.13 to 36.9 mg/L, and corresponding 87Sr/86Sr values range from 0.71097 to 0.70828. The local brine has 168 mg/L Sr and a 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.70802. Mixing relationships are evident in the data set and illustrate the sensitivity of Sr in detecting small amounts of brine in groundwater. The location of data points on a Sr isotope-concentration plot is readily explained by an evaporation-mixing model. The model is supported by the variation in concentrations of most of the other solutes

Geochemistry of Natural Components in the Near-Field Environment, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

The natural near-field environment in and around the emplacement drifts of the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, includes the host rock, dust, seepage water, and pore water. The chemical compositions of these components have been analyzed to provide a basis for assessing possible chemical and mineralogical reactions that may occur in and around the emplacement drifts during the heating and cooling cycle. The crystal-poor rhyolite of the Topopah Spring Tuff of Miocene age with an average silica (SiO{sub 2}) content of 76 percent will host the proposed repository. Samples of the rhyolite are relatively uniform in chemical composition as shown by an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 8.6 percent for major elements. The major component of underground dust is comminuted tuff generated during construction of the tunnel. Average CVs for major elements of dust samples collected from the main tunnel (Exploratory Studies Facility, ESF) and a cross drift (Enhanced Characterization of the Repository Block, ECRB) are 25 and 28 percent, respectively. This increased variability is due to a variable amount of dust derived from trachyte with SiO{sub 2} contents as low as 66 percent (from overlying crystal-rich members) and from surface dust with an even lower average SiO{sub 2} content of 60 percent (from the abundance of trachyte in outcrop and carbonate dust derived from nearby ranges). The composition of the water-soluble fraction of dust is of interest with regard to possible salt deliquescence on waste canisters. The nitrate-to-chloride (NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -}) ratio (weight) is used to assess the potential corrosive nature of the salts because an excess of NO{sub 3}{sup -} over Cl{sup -} may inhibit the formation of the more corrosive calcium chloride brines in deliquescing salts. The soluble fractions of dust samples typically have NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -} ratios between 1 and 10. About 30 samples of seepage into the south ramp of the ECRB have an average NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -} of 0.62. Pore water extracted from core samples of the repository host rock has lower NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -}-ratios with an average value of 0.28 and a range over two orders of magnitude. Of all the components of the natural system, pore water has the largest compositional variability with an average CV of 62 percent, and thus, is the most difficult to characterize. Because pore water is extracted from dry-drilled core, its solute content may have been increased by evaporation during drilling, handling, storage, and extraction by ultracentrifugation. Further, microbial activity in the core during storage may reduce the concentration of NO{sub 3}{sup -} thus decreasing the NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -} ratio. Therefore, the more dilute pore water samples might be considered the most representative of native pore water with NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -} ratios close to unity or greater

Abstract P119: Non-exercise Cardiorespiratory Fitness Prediction Equations: Accuracy Over Time in Apparently Healthy Adults

Mortality risk predictions are improved with routine assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Accordingly, an American Heart Association Scientific Statement suggests routine clinical assessment of CRF in apparently healthy adults minimally using non-exercise prediction equations, which can be calculated from common health metrics. However, no study has assessed the ability of non-exercise CRF prediction equations to accurately detect longitudinal changes

The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major depressive episode following childbirth that can have serious consequences affecting the family. Consequences range from marital problems and issues with child development to maternal suicide and infantcide. Depression in mothers can lead to cognitive and social impairment in the child as well as paternal postpartum depression in the father. Due to the severity of these problems, it is important to diagnose and treat mothers as soon as possible. There are several symptoms that are evident in mothers suffering from PPD that lead to diagnosis. Symptoms are similar to those of major depressive episodes, but they occur 24 hours to several months postpartum. Treatment options for PPD include psychotherapy as well as tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. While these medications have been shown to be the most effective pharmacological options, more research needs to be conducted to establish their effects on the infants. The possibility of preventative therapy also needs to be addressed to minimize the long-term effects of the disorder

IFT cargo and motors associate sequentially with IFT trains to enter cilia of <i>C. elegans</i>

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) orchestrates entry of proteins into primary cilia. At the ciliary base, assembled IFT trains, driven by kinesin-2 motors, can transport cargo proteins into the cilium, across the crowded transition zone. How trains assemble at the base and how proteins associate with them is far from understood. Here, we use single-molecule imaging in the cilia of C. elegans chemosensory neurons to directly visualize the entry of kinesin-2 motors, kinesin-II and OSM-3, as well as anterograde cargo proteins, IFT dynein and tubulin. Single-particle tracking shows that IFT components associate with trains sequentially, both in time and space. Super-resolution maps of IFT components in wild-type and mutant worms reveal ciliary ultrastructure and show that kinesin-II is essential for axonemal organization. Finally, imaging cilia lacking kinesin-II and/or transition zone function uncovers the interplay of kinesin-II and OSM-3 in driving efficient transport of IFT trains across the transition zone