«Високе» і «низьке» у творчості народній і писемній

«The high» and «the low», – these categories can be examined and as mythical, as poetic image of space, as metaphorical recreation of human fate, as a public vertical line of human possibilities, as the valued step at the analysis of artistic styles and at the same time as violation of such evaluation. All these aspects adds to the theme as as an object of attention in the article; the relations of «high» and «low» culture, culture folk comes forward and «lordly» in the past centuries. Categories highly/low, higher/below are examined in various scientific studios – mythological, culturological, sociological, from the point of view of theory of literature, in historical and literary measuring.Visoko i nisko, gore i dolje može se promatrati kao mitološko značenje, kao poetska vizija prostora, kao metafora ljudske sudbine, kao društvena vertikala moći, kao vrijednosna ljestvica književnih stilova, kao narušavanje takvoga vrednovanja. Sve su to tek dopune temi kojom se želimo baviti. Zanimljivi su za nas odnosi visoke i niske kulture (prvenstveno verbalne, književne), kulture pučke i gospodske u proteklim stoljećima. Pojmovi se visoko/nisko, gore/dol

Gene expression of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> BBH18 during adherence to Detroit 562 cells.

<p>A) Functional class distribution of genes differentially expressed in cell-attached relative to non-adherent (planktonic) <i>M. catarrhalis</i> (n = 4), depicted as number of genes per functional class category. B) Distribution of gene expression levels of known adhesins and structural components associated with adherence in cell-attached <i>M. catarrhalis</i>. Average log₂ microarrays signal intensities (SI) per gene were grouped into bins (1-log interval per bin), and the total number of genes within a bin is shown here.</p

Adhesion of directed gene deletion mutants to respiratory tract epithelial cells.

<p>Adherence of <i>aroA, ecnAB</i>, lgt1, and the putative lipoprotein MCR_1483 to both Detroit 562 (A) and A549 (B) cells was significantly attenuated compared to wild-type (WT). Adherence levels are expressed relative to WT (n ≥ 3) and shown as means and SEM. Statistical difference was determined with a Mann-Whitney test with * <i>P</i> < 0.05, ** <i>P</i> < 0.01, and *** <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p

Genes affecting adherence of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> to respiratory tract epithelial cells.

<p>Overlap between genes identified by Tn-seq as important for adherence of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> BBH18 to A549 and Detroit 562 epithelial cells.</p

Characterization of the Molecular Interplay between <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> and Human Respiratory Tract Epithelial Cells

<div><p><i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> is a mucosal pathogen that causes childhood otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. During the course of infection, <i>M. catarrhalis</i> needs to adhere to epithelial cells of different host niches such as the nasopharynx and lungs, and consequently, efficient adhesion to epithelial cells is considered an important virulence trait of <i>M. catarrhalis</i>. By using Tn-seq, a genome-wide negative selection screenings technology, we identified 15 genes potentially required for adherence of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> BBH18 to pharyngeal epithelial Detroit 562 and lung epithelial A549 cells. Validation with directed deletion mutants confirmed the importance of <i>aroA</i> (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase), <i>ecnAB</i> (entericidin EcnAB), <i>lgt1</i> (glucosyltransferase), and MCR_1483 (outer membrane lipoprotein) for cellular adherence, with ΔMCR_1483 being most severely attenuated in adherence to both cell lines. Expression profiling of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> BBH18 during adherence to Detroit 562 cells showed increased expression of 34 genes in cell-attached versus planktonic bacteria, among which ABC transporters for molybdate and sulfate, while reduced expression of 16 genes was observed. Notably, neither the newly identified genes affecting adhesion nor known adhesion genes were differentially expressed during adhesion, but appeared to be constitutively expressed at a high level. Profiling of the transcriptional response of Detroit 562 cells upon adherence of <i>M. catarrhalis</i> BBH18 showed induction of a panel of pro-inflammatory genes as well as genes involved in the prevention of damage of the epithelial barrier. In conclusion, this study provides new insight into the molecular interplay between <i>M. catarrhalis</i> and host epithelial cells during the process of adherence.</p> </div

Effect of statistical methods on the prediction of essential genes based on two datasets.

<p>The predictive value of each method was assessed using ROC curves and a Welch T-test.</p>*<p>Cut-offs for <i>S. pneumoniae</i> R6 were automatically detected by ESSENTIALS while for <i>P. aeruginosa PAO1</i> a cut-off of 2.5 fold underrepresentation of reads per gene in the challenge condition was used to facilitate comparison with the literature data from Gallagher <i>et al.</i></p

Read count as a function of genomic position per 1 kb.

<p>Read count of a single Tn-seq experiment of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> R6 gene essentiality as a function of the genomic position before (A) and after (B) genomic location correction using Loess. Each dot represents 1 kb of sequence. Regression on the data was performed using Loess as implemented in the loess R package and plotted on the graph as a black line.</p

Simplified flowchart of the ESSENTIALS procedure.

<p>Links to sequence reads files are uploaded and parameters are optionally changed via the FG-web interface that works on most web-browsers. It allows users to perform multiple runs at the same time through session management. As processes are queued, users can start multiple analyses at the same time, and check the progress via web-pages that can be bookmarked.</p

Childhood Vaccine Acceptance and Refusal among Warao Amerindian Caregivers in Venezuela; A Qualitative Approach

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Acceptance of childhood vaccination varies between societies, affecting worldwide vaccination coverage. Low coverage rates are common in indigenous populations where parents often choose not to vaccinate their children. We aimed to gain insight into reasons for vaccine acceptance or rejection among Warao Amerindians in Venezuela.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Based on records of vaccine acceptance or refusal, in-depth interviews with 20 vaccine-accepting and 11 vaccine-declining caregivers were performed. Parents’ attitudes were explored using a qualitative approach.</p><p>Results</p><p>Although Warao caregivers were generally in favor of vaccination, fear of side effects and the idea that young and sick children are too vulnerable to be vaccinated negatively affected vaccine acceptance. The importance assigned to side effects was related to the perception that these resembled symptoms/diseases of another origin and could thus harm the child. Religious beliefs or traditional healers did not influence the decision-making process.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Parental vaccine acceptance requires educational programs on the preventive nature of vaccines in relation to local beliefs about health and disease. Attention needs to be directed at population-specific concerns, including explanation on the nature of and therapeutic options for side effects.</p></div

Simplified representation of Venezuela with the Orinoco Delta highlighted in green (bottom left) and the Antonio Diaz municipality within the Orinoco Delta (light green) with the nine study communities.

<p>Simplified representation of Venezuela with the Orinoco Delta highlighted in green (bottom left) and the Antonio Diaz municipality within the Orinoco Delta (light green) with the nine study communities.</p