The implementation and validation of improved landsurface hydrology in an atmospheric general circulation model

Landsurface hydrological parameterizations are implemented in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM). These parameterizations are: (1) runoff and evapotranspiration functions that include the effects of subgrid scale spatial variability and use physically based equations of hydrologic flux at the soil surface, and (2) a realistic soil moisture diffusion scheme for the movement of water in the soil column. A one dimensional climate model with a complete hydrologic cycle is used to screen the basic sensitivities of the hydrological parameterizations before implementation into the full three dimensional GCM. Results of the final simulation with the GISS GCM and the new landsurface hydrology indicate that the runoff rate, especially in the tropics is significantly improved. As a result, the remaining components of the heat and moisture balance show comparable improvements when compared to observations. The validation of model results is carried from the large global (ocean and landsurface) scale, to the zonal, continental, and finally the finer river basin scales

Infiltration Basins for the Final Treatment of Lagoon Effluent in South Dakota

The declared objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nations waters. A schedule of required treatment is also· promulgated that calls for the equivalent of secondary treatment by July 1, 1977 and the best practicable waste treatment by July 11, 1983 for all publicly owned treatment plants. This Act serves notice that many existing wastewater treatment plants will have to be upgraded to meet the new federal regulations required by the Act. This, coupled with the already questionable quality of lagoon effluent, indicates that some method of enhancing the quality of lagoon effluent may have to be devised. The Civil Engineering Department at South Dakota State University has been concerned with this problem and has conducted studies related to soil systems for lagoon effluent disposal. The quality of water seeped from sewage lagoons was studied by Druyvestein and Jensen of the Civil Engineering Department. Both investigators showed dramatic water quality improvements after the water had percolated through the soil. Jensen recommended that lagoon effluent be discharged to a soil system rather than directly to surface waters. It is hoped that infiltration basins can be used to enhance the quality of lagoon effluent because they may offer the same advantages of low first cost and ease of operation and maintenance as lagoons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of infiltration basins as a means of enhancing the quality of lagoon effluent to meet present and future water quality criteria. This objective was met by; 1) Reviewing the available literature on the subject of soil infiltration systems for the disposal of wastewater. 2) Substantiating the need for further treatment of lagoon effluent in South Dakota by a comparison of typical effluent quality with the existing and proposed water quality parameters most apt to be violated. 3) Developing design criteria and methods of operation to meet the conditions specifically related to the disposal of lagoon effluent in South Dakota

Mimics and magnets : The importance of color and ecological facilitation in floral deception

Plants that lack floral rewards can attract pollinators if they share attractive floral signals with rewarding plants. These deceptive plants should benefit from flowering in close proximity to such rewarding plants, because pollinators are locally conditioned on floral signals of the rewarding plants (mimic effect) and because pollinators are more abundant close to rewarding plants (magnet effect). We tested these ideas using the non-rewarding South African plant Eulophia zeyheriana (Orchidaceae) as a study system. Field observations revealed that E. zeyheriana is pollinated solely by solitary bees belonging to a single species of Lipotriches (Halictidae) that appears to be closely associated with the flowers of Wahlenbergia cuspidata (Campanulaceae), a rewarding plant with which the orchid is often sympatric. The pale blue color of the flowers of E. zeyheriana differs strongly from flowers of its congeners, but is very similar to that of flowers of W. cuspidata. Analysis of spectral reflectance patterns using a bee vision model showed that bees are unlikely to be able to distinguish the two species in terms of flower color. A UV-absorbing sunscreen was applied to the flowers of the orchid in order to alter their color, and this resulted in a significant decline in pollinator visits, thus indicating the importance of flower color for attraction of Lipotriches bees. Pollination success in the orchid was strongly affected by proximity to patches of W. cuspidata. This was evident from one of two surveys of natural populations of the orchid, as well as experiments in which we translocated inflorescences of the orchid either into patches of W. cuspidata or 40 m outside such patches. Flower color and location of E. zeyheriana plants relative to rewarding magnet patches are therefore key components of the exploitation by this orchid of the relationship between W. cuspidata and Lipotriches bee pollinators

A Guide to Legal Research in the University of Michigan Law Library (3rd ed.)

In preparing this revision of the Guide to Legal Research in the University of Michigan Law Library, we have followed respectfully the precepts established in previous editions. As before, the Guide has been written to be primarily of benefit to the students at the University of Michigan School of Law. We hope, however, that it will also be helpful to anyone who uses this collection extensively. It is not meant to be a comprehensive treatise on all, or even a few, forms of legal research. That has been done elsewhere, many times, and need not be repeated here. Instead, our purpose has been to give our readers a thorough listing of this library\u27s services and rules, a basic overview of American legal research, and a succinct explanation of some of the more important, or baffling, aspects of legal research. All of this is related, of course, to this library; consequently, we have devoted little space to describing material that we do not have

The Last 100 Days of a Presidency: What Boards Need to Know and Do

Takeaways It is just as important for a board to plan the transition of the outgoing president as it is to plan the transition of the incoming president. Boards should help departing presidents fashion a to-do list, as well as a not-to-do list. Boards should recognize that the departure of the president can present significant procedural and emotional issues for senior staff members awaiting the arrival of the new president

High Reynolds number tests of a Douglas DLBA 032 airfoil in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel

A wind-tunnel investigation of a Douglas advanced-technology airfoil was conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3-m TCT). The temperature was varied from 227 K (409 R) to 100 K (180 R) at pressures ranging from about 159 kPa (1.57 atm) to about 514 kPa (5.07 atm). Mach number was varied from 0.50 to 0.78. These variables provided a Reynolds number range (based on airfoil chord) from 6.0 to 30.0 x 10 to the 6th power. This investigation was specifically designed to: (1) test a Douglas airfoil from moderately low to flight-equivalent Reynolds numbers, and (2) evaluate sidewall-boundary-layer effects on transonic airfoil performance characteristics by a systematic variation of Mach number, Reynolds number, and sidewall-boundary-layer removal. Data are included which demonstrate the effects of fixing transition, Mach number, Reynolds number, and sidewall-boundary-layer removal on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil. Also included are remarks on model design and model structural integrity

Another Extremal Property of Some Turan Graphs

An inequality relating the size and order of a simple graph to the average number of triangles containing a fixed edge is proven. It is shown that the only graphs for which equality holds in this inequality are the Turin graphs with the same number of vertices in each partite set

Measurement of the dynamic charge response of materials using low-energy, momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (M-EELS)

One of the most fundamental properties of an interacting electron system is its frequency- and wave-vector-dependent density response function, $\chi({\bf q},\omega)$. The imaginary part, $\chi''({\bf q},\omega)$, defines the fundamental bosonic charge excitations of the system, exhibiting peaks wherever collective modes are present. $\chi$ quantifies the electronic compressibility of a material, its response to external fields, its ability to screen charge, and its tendency to form charge density waves. Unfortunately, there has never been a fully momentum-resolved means to measure $\chi({\bf q},\omega)$ at the meV energy scale relevant to modern elecronic materials. Here, we demonstrate a way to measure $\chi$ with quantitative momentum resolution by applying alignment techniques from x-ray and neutron scattering to surface high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (HR-EELS). This approach, which we refer to here as "M-EELS," allows direct measurement of $\chi''({\bf q},\omega)$ with meV resolution while controlling the momentum with an accuracy better than a percent of a typical Brillouin zone. We apply this technique to finite-q excitations in the optimally-doped high temperature superconductor, Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+x}$ (Bi2212), which exhibits several phonons potentially relevant to dispersion anomalies observed in ARPES and STM experiments. Our study defines a path to studying the long-sought collective charge modes in quantum materials at the meV scale and with full momentum control.Comment: 26 pages, 10 sections, 7 figures, and an appendi