An Investigation of Gender Discrimination in Labor Hiring

Sexual discrimination in labor hiring was measured using a controlled experimental approach. Carefully-matched pairs of written applications were made in response to advertised job vacancies in the Australian State of Victoria. Statistically significant discrimination against females was detected in two of the seven occupations tested. They were gardener and computer analyst programmer. The applicants who encountered discrimination would have been unaware, and unable to demonstrate, that sex had been used as a screening criterion in selection for interview. Such evidence supports Bergmann's advocacy of attacking discrimination by switching from a complaint-based strategy to an investigative one.Discrimination; Female; Gender; Screening

Exploring the Efficacy of Hormone Replacement Therapy:A Network Meta-Analysis

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), an FDA-approved treatment for menopausal conditions was found to be associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer and reduced oestrogen. Studies showing benefits of HRT in preventing chronic diseases lead to development of clinical guidelines by American College of Physicians. This study aims to assess effectiveness of HRT treatments across cardiometabolic measures including Triglycerides (TG), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and Estradiol in menopausal women. It reports gaps in scientific knowledge and clinical practice to enhance current guidelines and policies.Methods: A systematic methodology designed and published in PROSPERO (CRD42022346057) to report network meta-epidemiology analysis was utilised. We used databases by PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, EMBASE and MEDLINE for studies published between 30th of April 1980-2022. Effects of HRT treatments were explored using a mixed treatment comparison (MTC) model. Fixed and random-effects models were used to address heterogeneity in published studies. Publication bias was assessed and corrected using funnel plots and Egger’s test.Results: Of 45 eligible studies, our findings indicate a significant statistical heterogeneity between HRTs and reduction of TG, SFH, LDL-C alongside increase of HDL-C and Estradiol among menopausal women. The analysis suggests a lack of direct evidence to support their efficacy in reducing TG, SFH and LDL-C levels or to substantiate HRT’s effectiveness in increasing HDL-C and Estradiol. The results showed no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis of included studies.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that use of HRT interventions among menopausal women may reduce TG, FSH and LDL-C levels and increase levels of HDL-C and estradiol via oral and oral + transdermal administration. Our study reaffirms efficacy of HRT in supporting favourable lipid profile in menopausal women whilst highlighting the need for robust and inclusive epidemiology studies and clinical trials to further develop clinical guidelines and policies

Process evaluation of Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with tinnitus in the context of a randomised control trial

Objective: The research objective was to identify processes that could either facilitate or hinder clinical implementation of an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy intervention for tinnitus in the UK. This was done by exploring the research context, the intervention components and the factors that contributed to the outcomes obtained. Design: This study investigated eight processes including the recruitment strategies, reach, research context, treatment dose delivered and received, implementation fidelity, barriers to implementation and effectiveness of the intervention. Study sample: Of the 169 registered participants, 146 were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups (23 were excluded). The mean age was 55.57 years with an average tinnitus duration of 11.63 years. Results: The intended sample of people with distressing tinnitus who were underserved with evidence-based tinnitus interventions was reached. The full guided intervention was delivered. The recommended modules were read more than the optional modules. Intervention components such as the easily readable format and the benefits of the applied relaxation programme facilitated significant positive post-intervention outcomes. Barriers hampering the intervention application included time pressures and low self-motivation. Conclusions: Results of this process evaluation together with the outcome data can be used to facilitate translating this research into clinical practice

The International Companion to Scottish Poetry

A range of leading international scholars provide the reader with a comprehensive and innovative investigation of the extraordinary richness and diversity of Scotland\u2019s poetry. Addressing Languages and Chronologies, Poetic Forms, and Topics and Themes, this International Companion covers the entire subject from from the early Middle Ages to the modern day, and explores the connections, influences and interrelations between English, Gaelic, Latin, Old Norse and Scots verse. CONTENTS Series Editors\u2019 Preface Introduction (Carla Sassi) Part 1: Languages and Chronologies Early Celtic Poetry (to 1500) (Thomas Owen Clancy) Scots poetry in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (R. D. S. Jack) Poetry in Latin (Roger Green) Poetry in the Languages and Dialects of Northern Scotland (Roberta Frank, Brian Smith) The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (S\uecm Innes, Alessandra Petrina) The Eighteenth Century (Ronald Black, Gerard Carruthers) The Nineteenth Century (Ian Duncan, Sheila Kidd) The Poetry of Modernity (1870\u20131950) (Emma Dymock, Scott Lyall) Contemporary Poetry (1950\u2013) (Attila D\uf3sa, Michelle Macleod) Part 2: Poetic Forms The Form of Scottish Gaelic poetry (William Gillies) Scots Poetic Forms (Derrick McClure) The Ballad in Scots and English (Suzanne Gilbert) Part 3: Topics and Themes Nature, Landscape and Rural Life (Louisa Gairn) Nation and Home (Carla Sassi, Silke Stroh) Protest and Politics (Wilson McLeod, Alan Riach) Love and Erotic Poetry (Peter Mackay) Faith and Religion (Meg Bateman, James McGonigal) Scottish Poetry as World Poetry (Paul Barnaby) The Literary Environment (Robyn Marsack) Endnotes Further Reading Notes on Contributors Index

Fishing for Discrimination

The use of bogus, unsolicited job applications with the intention of measuring employment discrimination extends across 30 years and six countries. Preferential treatment of male applicants has been detected in Departments of Psychology in U.S. universities. Such investigations have also detected a relative disinclination to hire homosexuals in Ontario law firms, Turkish workers in Germany, older job applicants in the U.S.A., and the disabled in France. Many of these studies dispatched only a single application to employers; consequently they are a test of 'preferential treatment', rather than discrimination.discrimination, experiments, resumes, hiring, survey,