Direct cooling of the catheter tip increases safety for CMR-guided electrophysiological procedures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One of the safety concerns when performing electrophysiological (EP) procedures under magnetic resonance (MR) guidance is the risk of passive tissue heating due to the EP catheter being exposed to the radiofrequency (RF) field of the RF transmitting body coil. Ablation procedures that use catheters with irrigated tips are well established therapeutic options for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and when used in a modified mode might offer an additional system for suppressing passive catheter heating.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A two-step approach was chosen. Firstly, tests on passive catheter heating were performed in a 1.5 T Avanto system (Siemens Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany) using a ASTM Phantom in order to determine a possible maximum temperature rise. Secondly, a phantom was designed for simulation of the interface between blood and the vascular wall. The MR-RF induced temperature rise was simulated by catheter tip heating via a standard ablation generator. Power levels from 1 to 6 W were selected. Ablation duration was 120 s with no tip irrigation during the first 60 s and irrigation at rates from 2 ml/min to 35 ml/min for the remaining 60 s (Biotronik Qiona Pump, Berlin, Germany). The temperature was measured with fluoroscopic sensors (Luxtron, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) at a distance of 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm from the catheter tip.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A maximum temperature rise of 22.4°C at the catheter tip was documented in the MR scanner. This temperature rise is equivalent to the heating effect of an ablator's power output of 6 W at a contact force of the weight of 90 g (0.883 N). The catheter tip irrigation was able to limit the temperature rise to less than 2°C for the majority of examined power levels, and for all examined power levels the residual temperature rise was less than 8°C.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Up to a maximum of 22.4°C, the temperature rise at the tissue surface can be entirely suppressed by using the catheter's own irrigation system. The irrigated tip system can be used to increase MR safety of EP catheters by suppressing the effects of unwanted passive catheter heating due to RF exposure from the MR scanner.</p

Rationale and design of the MULTISTARS AMI Trial: a randomized comparison of immediate versus staged complete revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease

Background: About half of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) present with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD). Recent evidence supports complete revascularization in these patients. However, optimal timing of non-culprit lesion revascularization in STEMI patients is unknown because dedicated randomized trials on this topic are lacking. Study design: The MULTISTARS AMI trial is a prospective, international, multicenter, randomized, two-arm, open-label study planning to enroll at least 840 patients. It is designed to investigate whether immediate complete revascularization is non-inferior to staged (within 19-45 days) complete revascularization in patients in stable hemodynamic conditions presenting with STEMI and MVD and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). After successful primary PCI of the culprit artery, patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to immediate or staged complete revascularization. The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven revascularization, hospitalization for heart failure, and stroke at 1 year. Conclusions: The MULTISTARS AMI trial tests the hypothesis that immediate complete revascularization is non-inferior to staged complete revascularization in stable patients with STEMI and MVD

Investigations in creatine kinase knockout mice using MRI: Cardiac phenotype and remodeling after myocardial infarction following creatine kinase-deficiency

Transgene Tiermodelle ermöglichen seit einigen Jahren eine gezielte Untersuchung des Einflusses einzelner Gene, und damit auch ihrer entsprechenden Produkte und deren Substrate, auf die Integrität des Organismus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Isoenzyme der Kreatinkinase im Herzen untersucht, indem die kardiale Morphologie und Funktion dreier verschiedener Stämme von Kreatinkinase-Knockout-Mäusen mit der von Wildtyp-Mäusen verglichen wurde. Der Kreatinkinase wird eine wichtige Rolle im intrazellulären System zur Aufrechterhaltung der Energiehomöostase zugeschrieben, beim Menschen gehen verschiedene kardiale Erkrankungen mit Veränderungen des Kreatinkinase-Systems einher. Neben der Bestimmung verschiedener kardialer Parameter von Mäusen mit Knockout der kardialen Isoenzyme der Kreatinkinase wurde geprüft, inwieweit sich ein durch permanente Koronarligatur induzierter chronischer Myokardinfarkt auf die Morphologie und Funktion des Herzens bei Kreatinkinase-Knockout auswirkt. Als Methode kam hierzu die Cine-Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH)-Magnetresonanzbildgebung zur Anwendung, die eine nicht invasive, präzise Erfassung verschiedener kardialer Parameter in vivo ermöglicht. Myokardmasse, links- und rechtsventrikuläre Volumina, Ejektionsfraktion, Herzzeitvolumina, Wanddicken sowie die Infarktgröße bei den infarzierten Kreatinkinase-Knockout-Mäusen konnten erstmalig in vivo bestimmt und mit Wildtyp-Mäusen verglichen werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Alter von durchschnittlich 41 Wochen ein Knockout des mitochondrialen Isoenzyms der Kreatinkinase eine deutliche linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie sowie leichtgradige biventrikuläre Dilatation verursacht. Bei Knockout der M-Untereinheit der zytosolischen Isoenzyme und dadurch bedingtem Fehlen von CK-MM und CK-MB resultiert lediglich eine geringgradige konzentrische linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie. Der rechte Ventrikel zeigte bei allen Knockout-Mäusen lediglich geringe Veränderungen im Vergleich mit den Wildtypen. Die Herzfunktion war bei allen Tieren unter Normalbedingungen voll erhalten, Zeichen einer Herzinsuffizienz fanden sich nicht. Vier Wochen nach Infarzierung zeigten sich bei Knockout- und Wildtyp-Mäusen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in Herzmorphologie und Funktion. Die Mortalität nach Infarkt war in beiden Gruppen identisch. Die aus einem Fehlen der mitochondrialen Kreatinkinase resultierenden Defizite des Herzens können somit durch Ausbildung einer Hypertrophie kompensiert werden. Im Vergleich mit der mitochondrialen Form kommt den zytosolischen Isoenzymen der Kreatinkinase eine geringere Bedeutung bei der Aufrechterhaltung des Metabolismus und damit auch der Funktion des Herzens zu. Ein kombinierter Knockout sowohl der M-Untereinheit der zytosolischen CK als auch der mitochondrialen CK führt bezüglich der Morphologie und Funktion des Herzens zu keiner stärkeren Pathologie als bei selektiv mitochondrialem Knockout.For several years, transgenic animal models have offered the possibility to determine the influence of specific genes, as well as their products and substrates, on the integrity of an organism. This study investigates the role of different creatine kinase-isoenzymes in the heart by comparing cardiac morphology and function of three different creatine kinase knockout mice with wild types. Creatine kinase is thought to play an important role in intracellular energy homeostasis and there are several human cardiac diseases which are coupled with changes in the creatine kinase system. In addition to assessing cardiac characteristics in creatine kinase-deficient mice, this work also focuses on the effects of chronic myocardial infarction in these animals. This was done by using cine-FLASH magnetic resonance imaging, which allows a non-invasive, precise in vivo-analysis of cardiac characteristics. This work marks the first time myocardial mass, volumes, ejection fraction, cardiac output and wall thickness, as well as infarction extent, were measured in vivo in creatine kinase-deficient mice and compared to wild types. The findings show that a knockout of mitochondrial creatine kinase is followed by distinct left ventricular hypertrophy and moderate biventricular dilatation in mice 41 weeks old. In contrast to these findings, a knockout of the main cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes only triggered slight left ventricular hypertrophy, but no dilatation was found. Changes in right ventricular parameters were minor, and there was no sign of diminished cardiac function at rest. Furthermore, no significant differences between creatine kinase knockout and wild type mice hearts were found four weeks after myocardial infarction. Mortality following infarction also did not differ. In conclusion, cardiac shortcomings that accompany a knockout of mitochondrial creatine kinase can be compensated by developing cardiac hypertrophy. Compared to mitochondrial creatine kinase, cytosolic isoenzymes play an inferior role in the upkeep of cardiac metabolism and function. Combined knockout of both mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinase does not cause increased pathological effects compared to selective mitochondrial creatine kinase knockout

Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

Letter from Peter Pyn and Fritz Nordbeck to Harris and Ruth Kempner expressing their condolences for the death of the Kempner's son Sandy who was killed serving in the Vietnam War

MRI-guided ablation of wide complex tachycardia in a univentricular heart

Magnetic resonance imaging can be used for preprocedural assessment of complex anatomy for radiofrequency (RF) ablations, e.g., in a univentricular heart. This case report features the treatment of a young patient with a functionally univentricular heart who suffered from persistent sudden onset tachycardia with wide complexes that required RF ablation as treatment

Interventional closure of aortomitral perforation after TAVR: A case report

Despite TAVR emerging as the gold standard for a broad spectrum of patients, it is associated with serious complications. In this report we present a case, where a TAVR procedure led to a perforation at the aortomitral continuity, discuss the risk factors for the occurrence of perforations and how we decided to treat the patient

Minimizing Risk of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis is a rare condition appearing only in patients with severe renal impairment or failure and presents with dermal lesions and involvement of internal organs. Although many cases are mild, an estimated 5 % have a progressive debilitating course. To date, there is no known effective treatment thus stressing the necessity of ample prevention measures. An association with the use of Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA) makes Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis a potential side effect of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and offers the opportunity for prevention by limiting use of gadolinium based contrast agents in renal failure patients. In itself toxic, Gadolinium is embedded into chelates that allow its safe use as a contrast agent. One NSF theory is that Gadolinium chelates distribute into the extracellular fluid compartment and set Gadolinium ions free, depending on multiple factors among which the duration of chelates exposure is directly related to the renal function. Major medical societies both in Europe and in North America have developed guidelines for the usage of GBCA. Since the establishment of these guidelines and the increased general awareness of this condition, the occurrence of NSF has been nearly eliminated. Giving an overview over the current knowledge of NSF pathobiochemistry, pathogenesis and treatment options this review focuses on the guidelines of the European Medicines Agency, the European Society of Urogenital Radiology, the FDA and the American College of Radiology from 2008 up to 2011 and the transfer of this knowledge into every day practice