12 research outputs found
Spin-resolved electron waiting times in a quantum dot spin valve
We study the electronic waiting time distributions (WTDs) in a
non-interacting quantum dot spin valve by varying spin polarization and the
noncollinear angle between the magnetizations of the leads using scattering
matrix approach. Since the quantum dot spin valve involves two channels (spin
up and down) in both the incoming and outgoing channels, we study three
different kinds of WTDs, which are two-channel WTD, spin-resolved
single-channel WTD and cross-channel WTD. We analyze the behaviors of WTDs in
short times, correlated with the current behaviors for different spin
polarizations and noncollinear angles. Cross-channel WTD reflects the
correlation between two spin channels and can be used to characterize the spin
transfer torque process. We study the influence of the earlier detection on the
subsequent detection from the perspective of cross-channel WTD, and define the
influence degree quantity as the cumulative absolute difference between
cross-channel WTDs and first passage time distributions to quantitatively
characterize the spin flip process. The influence degree shows a similar
behavior with spin transfer torque and can be a new pathway to characterize
spin correlation in spintronics system.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Multidimensional <sup>19</sup>F NMR Analyses of Terpolymers from Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF)–Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)–Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
The
use of multidimensional NMR methods for the characterization
of polymer microstructure has been applied to terpolymers from vinylidene
fluoride (VDF), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and tetrafluoroethylene
(TFE). By assembling the atomic connectivity information obtained
from different multidimensional NMR experiments, selective <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F COSY (correlation spectroscopy), <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F gradient double-quantum COSY, and <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>13</sup>C gradient heteronuclear single-quantum coherence
(gHSQC), among others, the detailed monomer sequence arrangements
in the terpolymer were obtained. Obtaining the resonance assignments
of the terpolymer was greatly aided by the extrapolation of known
resonance assignments from PVDF homopolymer, polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymer, and polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-TFE) copolymer.
A tabulated comparison of the microstructure assignment of resonances
from PVDF homopolymer as well as polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP)
and polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-TFE) copolymers and the terpolymer
is provided. Detailed comparisons of <sup>19</sup>F spectra from 470
and 658.4 MHz spectrometers, revealing the AB patterns present in
this terpolymer, are presented and discussed in this paper. The compositions
of the comonomers in the terpolymers were calculated with different
methods, all of which gave similar values. The percentages of VDF
and HFP monomer inversions in the terpolymers were also calculated
from the assigned NMR resonances
Characterization of Backbone Structures in Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-hexafluoropropylene) Copolymers by Multidimensional <sup>19</sup>F NMR Spectroscopy
Advanced modern multidimensional
solution NMR experiments have
been used to deduce the sequence distribution in polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymers. Assignment of <sup>19</sup>F resonances
from different monomer- and regio-sequences in polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymer were identified. In addition to corroborating some
assignments reported in earlier literature, this work provides assignments
of some new resonances from the spectra of polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymer, which resulted from better dispersion of the resonances.
These assignments are used for the monomer sequence analyses of two
polymers using first-order Markovian statistics, and the relative
reactivities of the monomers during polymerization are discussed.
The results from this study provide insight into the polymerization
chemistry for this fluoropolymer
Characterization of Backbone Structures in Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-hexafluoropropylene) Copolymers by Multidimensional <sup>19</sup>F NMR Spectroscopy
Advanced modern multidimensional
solution NMR experiments have
been used to deduce the sequence distribution in polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymers. Assignment of <sup>19</sup>F resonances
from different monomer- and regio-sequences in polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymer were identified. In addition to corroborating some
assignments reported in earlier literature, this work provides assignments
of some new resonances from the spectra of polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) copolymer, which resulted from better dispersion of the resonances.
These assignments are used for the monomer sequence analyses of two
polymers using first-order Markovian statistics, and the relative
reactivities of the monomers during polymerization are discussed.
The results from this study provide insight into the polymerization
chemistry for this fluoropolymer
Use of <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C/<sup>19</sup>F Triple Resonance 3D-NMR to Characterize the Stereosequences in Poly(vinyl fluoride)
Tacticity has an enormous influence on the physical and
chemical
properties of polymers. There is considerable work using 1D NMR and
empirical rules to study the stereosequences in polymers. This work
shows that <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C/<sup>19</sup>F 3D NMR experiments
can provide superior resolution and atomic connectivity information,
so that unambiguous resonance assignments can be made for polyÂ(vinyl
fluoride) (PVF). Compared to prior work on 3D NMR studies of stereosequence
effects in fluoropolymers, the 3D NMR pulse sequence used in this
work is based on single quantum coherence transfer, which eliminates
the complicated splitting patterns resulting from evolution of multiple-quantum
coherence. In addition, selective excitation of the <sup>19</sup>F
nuclei of interest significantly reduces the folding of peaks from
other spectral regions. This greatly simplifies the spectra and makes
the assignment of resonances much easier. Based on these results,
it is possible to assign the <sup>19</sup>F resonances to the pentad
level. For example, consider the resonances of mm-centered sequences,
which are not well resolved in <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F COSY 2D NMR spectrum. <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C/<sup>19</sup>F 3D NMR data provide clear evidence for all of the three pentad
structures: mmmm, mmmr, and rmmr. Examples showing the resonance assignments
of head-to-tail sequences are presented
NMR Study of the Chain End and Branching Units in Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-tetrafluoroethylene)
2D-NMR techniques were used to identify
the detailed structures
of chain end and branching units in polyÂ(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-tetrafluoroethylene), polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-TFE).
Atomic connectivity information was provided by selective <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F COSY (correlation spectroscopy), <sup>19</sup>FÂ{<sup>1</sup>H} gHETCOR (gradient heteronuclear correlated), and <sup>1</sup>HÂ{<sup>13</sup>C} HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum correlation)
experiments. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and spin–lattice
relaxation (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>) data permitted distinction
of backbone, short chain branch, and chain end resonances from one
another. Quantitative data on these structures are reported; quantitation
also supported assignments through the consistent relative intensities
of resonances from the same structures. Possible reactions during
the polymerization which could lead to these structures are discussed
Characterization of the Chain-Ends and Branching Structures in Polyvinylidene Fluoride with Multidimensional NMR
Multidimensional solution NMR (<sup>19</sup>F, <sup>1</sup>H, and <sup>13</sup>C) has been used to determine chain-ends and
backbone branching
points and to obtain unambiguous <sup>19</sup>F and <sup>1</sup>H
resonances assignments from these chain-ends and branching structures
in polyÂ(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The multidimensional NMR methods
employed in this study not only enabled the resonance assignments
of the last monomer of the chain but also provided assignments for
the last three monomer units of chain-end structures. The chain-end
signals from PVDF were determined using spin–lattice relaxation
measurements and 2D diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) analysis.
2D-NMR analyses were also used to assign resonances of chain branching
points along the backbone of the polymer
2D-NMR Characterization of Sequence Distributions in the Backbone of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-tetrafluoroethylene)
NMR is a powerful tool to study the microstructures of
polyÂ(vinylidene
fluoride-<i>co</i>-tetrafluoroethylene), polyÂ(VDF-<i>co</i>-TFE). This study shows that the microstructures in this
copolymer can be established completely on the basis of 2D-NMR, in
which improved dispersion is achieved by the second dimension (<sup>19</sup>F or <sup>13</sup>C chemical shifts). 2D-NMR has been proven
to be extremely effective for identifying the carbon sequence distributions
in the polymer main chain. For lower level sequences (3- or 5-carbon
sequences), resonance assignments on the basis of one- and two-bond <sup>19</sup>FÂ{<sup>13</sup>C} gradient heteronuclear single quantum coherence
(gHSQC) experiments are in good agreement with assignments obtained
by traditional methods. Higher level sequences (7- or 9-carbon sequences),
which can not be assigned unambiguously by traditional methods, were
determined by <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F gradient double
quantum correlation spectroscopy (gdqCOSY), which provides <sup>19</sup>F–<sup>19</sup>F correlations over 3–5 bonds. A quantitative
study was also conducted on the composition of this copolymer. Three
different approaches were used to calculate the fraction of TFE and
the inversion ratio of VDF units
Nonanthocyanin Secondary Metabolites of Black Raspberry (<i>Rubus occidentalis</i> L.) Fruits: Identification by HPLC-DAD, NMR, HPLC-ESI-MS, and ESI-MS/MS Analyses
Nonanthocyanin
secondary metabolites potentially contributing to
the antiproliferative bioactivity of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) fruits were extracted in ethyl
acetate and isolated by semipreparative and analytical HPLC and analyzed
by NMR, HPLC-ESI-MS, and ESI-MS/MS techniques. Here we present complete
and partial structures of a variety of the chemical entities such
as quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, myricetin glucoside,
dihydrokaempferol glucoside, benzoic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl
ester, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, <i>p-</i>coumaric acid, <i>p-</i>coumaryl glucoside, <i>p-</i>coumaryl sugar ester, ellagic acid, methyl ellagic acid
acetylpentose, methyl ellagic acid valerylpentose, <i>trans</i>-piceid, phloretin glucoside (phloridzin), dihydrosinapic acid, salicylic
acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, a salicylic acid derivative
without attached sugar, <i>p-</i>alkylphenyl glucoside,
and a citric acid derivative. To our knowledge, 15 of these compounds
were not previously reported in black raspberry fruits
Group 13 Superacid Adducts of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>
Irrespective
of the order of the addition of reagents, the reactions of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub> with MX<sub>3</sub> (MX<sub>3</sub> = AlCl<sub>3</sub>, AlBr<sub>3</sub>, GaCl<sub>3</sub>) in the presence of water
or gaseous HX give the air- and light-sensitive superacid adducts
[PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·HMX<sub>4</sub>. The reactions
are quantitative when HX is used. These reactions illustrate a Lewis
acid/Brønsted acid dichotomy in which Lewis acid chemistry can
become Brønsted acid chemistry in the presence of adventitious
water or HX. The crystal structures of all three [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·HMX<sub>4</sub> adducts show that protonation weakens
the two P–N bonds that flank the protonated nitrogen atom.
Variable-temperature NMR studies indicate that exchange in solution
occurs in [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·HMX<sub>4</sub>, even
at lower temperatures than those for [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·MX<sub>3</sub>. The fragility of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·HMX<sub>4</sub> at or near room temperature and in the presence
of light suggests that such adducts are not involved directly as intermediates
in the high-temperature ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub> to give [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>n</sub>. Attempts
to catalyze or initiate the ROP of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub> with
the addition of [PCl<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>3</sub>·HMX<sub>4</sub> at room temperature or at 70 °C were not successful