56 research outputs found
Direct democracy - dillemas and perpectives
ΠΡΠ°Ρ XX ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π°Ρ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π° ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ βΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡβ, ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π° Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π·Π΅, Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»: Π½Π°ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°jΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ· ΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅. Π£ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΠΈΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°The turn of the 21st century was marked by dramatic changes on a global scale. The processes of democratisation, democratic transformations and consolidations of democracy swept through the hitherto totalitarian communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe, gaining additional momentum in other parts of the world. New forms of social interactions, combined with the breakdown of previous barriers and the accompanying βdemocratic deficitβ opened a space for re-designing of the existing and introduction of new democratic institutions. At the beginning of the 21st century, people's initiatives and referenda reach their full significance, while citizens enjoy increasing opportunities to actively participate in political decision-making. Along with the increase of their cognitive capacities, decisions made in this manner gain political weight. The institutional mechanisms of direct democracy are incorporated in a growing number of political systems around the world. The key reason behind this trend lies in the attempt to create a connection between citizens and political agents in order to restore the shaken confidence in the democratic system. Direct democracy inevitably contributes to and bolsters links among citizens, associative democracy, social capital β the key components for the successful functioning of democracy. Direct democracy and civil participation in public affairs inevitably lead to the democratic socialisation. For this reason, the central representative institutions, such as the parliament, do not provide sufficient guarantee for the survival of democratic values in society. The participatory and direct democracy instruments are of particular importance for civil socialisation and political culture creation. The model institutionalised in most contemporary democracies is a hybrid one including participatory democracy on the one hand, while on the other being complemented by different forms of direct democracy, such as referenda and people's, or civic initiative
Direct torque control of induction motor in field weakening regime
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ°.
Π£ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ. MΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ· ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°. Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΏΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°.
Π£ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ.
Π£ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅, Π° Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π· Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°.
Π¨Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π² Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π² (ΡΠ³Π°ΠΎ) Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°. Π£ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°. Π£ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ· Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΈΠ² ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π£ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π² Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°: ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π³Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ.
Π£ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ (ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊ) ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°.Π’he subject of the dissertation is development of an algorithm for direct control of induction motor in field weakening regime, which should provide improved performance when working at high speeds.
In the first Chapter motivation for the research is given, available references are analyzed in detail, and unsolved problems in the field of research are identified. Limitations of the existing solutions for induction motor control in field weakening mode are pointed out. Guidelines for the development of new structure for direct control which will fully utilize motor and power converter capabilities are given. The outline of the rest of thesis is presented.
The second Chapter of the dissertation starts with the development of mathematical models of induction motor and matched power converter suitable for direct control. Mathematical models are developed with usual approximations used in the general theory of electric machines. The space vector modulation technique for power inverter control is also described in this section.
The subject of the third Chapter is the analysis of torque transient characteristicsof an induction machine in field weakening regime. The ability of obtaining the maximum torque dependening on voltage and current limits of a drive is investigated. The influence of current limit, voltage limit, and combined current and voltage limits on torque characteristics in field weakening regime and ability of achieving maximal torque is investigated. The problem of rotor flux collapse, as a consequence of voltage limit in the field weakening mode, is explained in detail.
The fourth Chapter analyzes in detail typical approaches for control of induction motors in field weakening regime. The Chapter consists of four parts. In the first part a general model of vector controlled induction motor drive is derived. On the proposed model, various stator and rotor flux vector controls in the field weakening regime are analyzed in the second and the third part of the Chapter. After that, a typical algorithm for direct torque control applicable in the field weakening regime is presented. At the end of the Chapter, all three presented methods are compared to each other.
In the fifth Chapter the changes in torque, stator and rotor fluxes, slip and synchronous speed during a single control period at the voltage limit are analyzed. The expression for torque change at voltage limit is derived for the general case. Based on the presented equations, the original representation of induction motor polyphasor trajectories in the field weakening regime is given.
The sixth Chapter contains a synthesis of the original control structure for direct torque control in field weakening regime. The proposed structure is based on the requirement to fully utilize available inverter voltage. Since both flux and torque producing components are coupled at the voltage limit, in both steady state and during transients, the only independent control variable is stator voltage phase angle. In order to create an algorithm for direct torque control in field weakening mode, a dynamic model of induction machine at voltage limit is developed first. The model is developed as a modification of generalized mathematical model in the synchronously rotating reference frame. This model is linearized around the operating point, and the induction motor transfer function in field weakening mode is obtained. The adopted approximations are discussed, by comparing behaviors of approximate and full order models using computer simulations. Based on the adopted transfer function, the original control structure of torque regulation is presented. Design performance requirements for torque regulator are zero torque error in steady state and fast transient response. The procedure for creating the control structure and calculating the regulator gains is explained in detail. The key part of the structure is torque regulator with variable gains, i.e., Gain Scheduling torque regulator is used. Performance of the proposed torque controller is illustrated through computer simulations. Impacts of motor parameter changes and supply voltage variations are analyzed through computer simulations too. At the end of the Chapter, the outer speed control loop synthesis procedure is presented. Performance requirements are strictly aperiodic speed response and zero error in steady state. Control structure and parameter tunings are explained in detail. In the proposed structure, the control limits are dynamically changed following the break-down torque changes. Performance of the proposed speed controller is validated by the computer simulation.
Experimental verification of the proposed solution is described in seventh Chapter. As a representative, three typical operating modes are verified: first, the response to a rectangular change of torque reference at constant speed, the second mode, in which the motor accelerates and decelerates to the triple rated speed, and the third, where the closed speed loop performance is tested. Experimental results are presented in a form of oscilloscope readings and are discussed in detail.
In the eighth Chapter (Conclusion) the major contributions from all chapters and the dissertation in general are highlighted. Possible directions for further work in the field of research are pointed out.
Bibliography, mathematical derivations excluded from the main text for clarity, data used in computer simulations, as well as the technical description of the realized prototype are given at the and of the dissertation
Environmental influence on the safety and reliability of electrical and communication systems
Electrical systems may fail due to change in the properties of constituent materials under environmental influence. This failure may engender catastrophic events, such as material damage, environmental disasters or loss of human lives. For example, ships, as complex systems, are exposed to the aggressive nature of the marine environment. The influence of dominant factors on dielectric properties is analyzed in this paper through the relative dielectric constant, and the refractive index. Parameter changes are shown to alter the value of the constant by numerical examples. These different values can result in fatal system failures. Taking into account these facts, the influence of material on the electrical system is illustrated to make the reliability calculation more complex. The results were negative, as shown in the Calculation and results section
Data-Based Modelling of Significant Wave Height in the Adriatic Sea
The paper deals with sea wave modelling based on available data acquired from a satellite-calibrated numerical model. The idea is to use an artificial neural network, as a flexible tool capable of modelling nonlinear processes, for significant wave height (SWH) modelling at a single point in the Adriatic Sea. The focus of the paper was not to develop a new type of ANN, but rather to use it as a modelling tool and identify the most significant input variables for SWH modelling in the Adriatic Sea, among the available data. Linear and nonlinear regression models were also developed for purposes of comparison of neural network performances with those of traditional data modelling methods. A total of 22 years of data were used - 20 years of data with a 6 h sampling step time, i.e. 30684 data samples were used to calibrate the models, while 2 years of data, i.e. 2920 data samples were used to test the modelsβ performances. Simulation results proved the ability of an artificial neural network to model SWH with high accuracy based on available data. Furthermore, the artificial neural network model proved to be more accurate than traditional statistical models, especially when multiple input variables were used
Complex Hydrological System Inflow Prediction using Artificial Neural Network
Artificial neural networks have been successfully used to model and predict water flows for a few decades. Different network types have proven to work better in different cases and additional tools and algorithms have been implemented to improve those neural models. However, some problems still occur in certain cases. This paper deals with the limitation of complex hydrological system inflow prediction using artificial neural network and inflow time series. This limitation is called the prediction lag and it disables the model from giving accurate predictions. To eliminate the prediction lag and to extend prediction horizon an alternative input variable named forecasted precipitation frequency is proposed in addition to antecedent inflow time-series. Simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed solution that enables time series neural network model for 7th-day inflow prediction. This represents important information in operational planning of the hydrological system, used for short-term optimization of the system, e.g. optimization of the hydroelectric power plant operation
Wind Disturbance Suppression in Autopilot Design
Environmental conditions affects shipβs course. Hence, it affects velocity, and efficiency of fuel consumption, which is an important research topic nowadays. Therefore, it is important to take it into account in the design of shipβs autopilots. In this paper a method is proposed to compensate for windβs influence, which is based on wavelet transform by introducing the so called wavelet anti-filter. The anti-filter is added to the feed-forward branch of the classic autopilot design scheme, which consists of feedback loop and PID controller. The anti-filter branch represents a modification of the classic scheme
System Identification in Difficult Operating Conditions Using Artificial Neural Networks
To investigate an ability of system identification in difficult operating conditions. A simulation based experiment was performed on a simple second order system with white noise signal superimposed to the output signal. Interferences are added to the output signal in order to simulate difficult operating conditions present in a real system environment. Based on system simulation measurements, the system was identified using conventional method with least squares estimate and an alternative method, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network. Graphical evaluation of simulation results showed that MLP network produced better results than conventional model, with significantly better results in case of interferences in the output signal. To model dynamic system, a simple two-layer perceptron network with external dynamic members was trained in Matlab using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
Towards an improved energy efficiency of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drives
This paper investigates the possibility of energy efficiency increase in the
drives with high speed permanent magnet synchronous motors. The losses are
decreased by the proposed procedure, i.e. proper allocation of the available
stator current capacity to the direct and quadrature current components. The
approach provides increased energy efficiency by varying the ratio between
copper and iron losses. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III042004
UnaprijeΔeno upravljanje momentom visokobrzinskog pogona s asinkronim motorom bez mjerenja brzine
This paper presents improved torque control scheme for a high speed sensorless induction motor drive. The proposed high speed torque control scheme substitutes the flux oriented control by the voltage angle control in the flux weakening regime. This scheme uses maximum of available inverter voltage, alleviates well known problems of current control schemes in conditions with insufficient voltage margin and avoids the influence of estimated speed error to the achieved flux level. The algorithm uses similar slip control as flux oriented control algorithm, but is applied without an outer flux trajectory reference which is typical for the flux weakening, providing a fast and well damped torque response even if error in estimated speed is present. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of proposed torque control algorithm, smooth transition from the flux oriented control in the base speed region to the voltage angle control in the flux weakening, superior dynamic performance of the voltage angle torque control, and its robustness to an estimated rotor speed error.U radu je predstavljena unaprijeΔena shema upravljanja za pogon visokobrzinskog asinkronog motora bez mjerenja brzine. PredloΕΎeni postupak zamjenjuje vektorsko upravljanje upravljaΔkom strukturom s upravljanjem kutom napona u slabljenju polja. PredloΕΎena shema koristi maksimalni raspoloΕΎivi napon invertora, eliminira dobro poznate probleme strujno reguliranih pogona u uvjetima s nedovoljnom rezervom napona i eliminira utjecaj greΕ‘ke u estimaciji brzine na dostignutu razinu toka. Algoritam koristi sliΔnu kontrolu klizanja kao i vektorsko upravljanje, ali bez tipiΔnog vanjskog zadavanja toka u slabljenju polja, pruΕΎajuΔi brz i dobro priguΕ‘en odziv momenta Δak i u sluΔaju greΕ‘ke u estimaciji brzine. Eksperimenti izvedeni na velikoj brzini vrtnje potvrΔuju uΔinkovitost predloΕΎene regulacije momenta, gladak prijelaz iz baznog podruΔja brzine u slabljenje polja, vrhunske dinamiΔke performanse upravljanja kutom napona i robusnost na pogreΕ‘ku u estimiranoj brzini vrtnje
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