Proton-proton elastic scattering at the LHC energy of {\surd} = 7 TeV

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at {\surd}s = 7 TeV in dedicated runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close as seven times the transverse beam size (sbeam) from the outgoing beams. After careful study of the accelerator optics and the detector alignment, |t|, the square of four-momentum transferred in the elastic scattering process, has been determined with an uncertainty of d t = 0.1GeV p|t|. In this letter, first results of the differential cross section are presented covering a |t|-range from 0.36 to 2.5GeV2. The differential cross-section in the range 0.36 < |t| < 0.47 GeV2 is described by an exponential with a slope parameter B = (23.6{\pm}0.5stat {\pm}0.4syst)GeV-2, followed by a significant diffractive minimum at |t| = (0.53{\pm}0.01stat{\pm}0.01syst)GeV2. For |t|-values larger than ~ 1.5GeV2, the cross-section exhibits a power law behaviour with an exponent of -7.8_\pm} 0.3stat{\pm}0.1syst. When compared to predictions based on the different available models, the data show a strong discriminative power despite the small t-range covered.Comment: 12pages, 5 figures, CERN preprin

Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section in p+p reactions measured by the LHC Experiment TOTEM at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV in special runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close to the outgoing beam as seven times the transverse beam size. The differential cross-section measurements are reported in the |t|-range of 0.36 to 2.5 GeV^2. Extending the range of data to low t values from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV^2,and utilizing the luminosity measurements of CMS, the total proton-proton cross section at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV is measured to be (98.3 +- 0.2(stat) +- 2.8(syst)) mb.Comment: Proceedings of the XLI International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics. Accepted for publication in Prog. Theor. Phy

Current Advances in Internet of Underground Things

The latest developments in Internet of Underground Things are covered in this chapter. First, the IOUT Architecture is discussed followed by the explanation of the challenges being faced in this paradigm. Moreover, a comprehensive coverage of the different IOUT components is presented that includes communications, sensing, and system integration with the cloud. An in-depth coverage of the applications of the IOUT in various disciplines is also surveyed. These applications include areas such as decision agriculture, pipeline monitoring, border control, and oil wells

Effect of downlink traffic on performance of LoRaWAN LPWA networks:empirical study

Abstract Today the LoRaWAN is among the most widely adopted Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. In contrast to the other alternatives, LoRaWAN enables deploying both continent-wide public networks, and private networks composing one or several gateways. In this paper, we empirically investigate how does the presence of the downlink traffic affects the performance of uplink for LoRaWAN operating in 868 MHz EU bands. Our results show that in real-life the downlink transmissions can compromise performance of uplink and must be accounted for when planning a network. Also we demonstrate the effects that the selection of secondary frequency channels and data rates have on the performance of a LoRaWAN network. The reported results reveal new dependences and provide the ground truth reference for the future analytical works. For these reasons, the paper can be of interest to both practitioners, planning and deploying LoRaWAN networks, and the researchers performing analytical work on LoRaWAN

Measuring a LoRa Network : Performance, Possibilities and Limitations

Low power wide area (LPWA) technologies becomes popular for IoT use cases because LPWA is enable the broad range communications and allows to transmit small amounts of information in a long distance. Among LPWA technologies there are LTE-M, SigFox, LoRa, Symphony Link, Ingenu RPMA, Weightless, and NB-IoT. Currently all these technologies suffer from lack of documentation about deployment recommendation, have non-investigated limitations that can affect implementations and products using such technologies. This paper is focused on the testing of LPWAN LoRa technology to learn how a LoRa network gets affected by different environmental attributes such as distance, height and surrounding area by measuring the signal strength, signal to noise ratio and any resulting packet loss. The series of experiments for various use cases are conducted using a fully deployed LoRa network made up of a gateway and sensor available through the public network. The results will show the LoRa network limitation for such use cases as forest, city, open space. These results allow to give the recommendation for companies during early analysis and design stages of network life circle, and help to choose properly technology for deployment an IoT application

On the integration of LoRaWAN with the 5G test network

Abstract The major focus of the low power wide area networks (LPWAN) is to provide energy efficiency and large coverage to Internet of Things (IoT) applications that do not require a large bandwidth. There are several LPWAN technologies that can enable these functionalities such as SigFox, LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), and Weightless. The estimates of the number of wireless IoT devices in the near future are between 20 Billion to even 75 Billion. At the very same time the development and deployment of the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) is rolling out. Among others, the new technology will deliver huge capacity which can be employed for enabling the backbone connectivity for LPWAN. Therefore, there is a need to have possibility to seamlessly integrate LPWANs with the upcoming 5G. In this work, we investigate how one can integrate the LoRaWAN with the 5G Test Network (5GTN) running in the University of Oulu, Finland. Furthermore, one of the options discussed is implemented in practice and its operation is verified. At the moment the implementation is used for wide range of other research activities beside this work, enabling a third party to bring their LoRaWAN compliant devices for testing and application development

D2D communications in LoRaWAN Low Power Wide Area Network:from idea to empirical validation

Abstract In this paper we advocate the use of device-to-device (D2D) communications in a LoRaWAN Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). After overviewing the critical features of the LoRaWAN technology, we discuss the pros and cons of enabling the D2D communications for it. Subsequently we propose a network-assisted D2D communications protocol and show its feasibility by implementing it on top of a LoRaWAN-certified commercial transceiver. The conducted experiments show the performance of the proposed D2D communications protocol and enable us to assess its performance. More precisely, we show that the D2D communications can reduce the time and energy for data transfer by 6 to 20 times compared to conventional LoRaWAN data transfer mechanisms. In addition, the use of D2D communications may have a positive effect on the network by enabling spatial re-use of the frequency resources. The proposed LoRaWAN D2D communications can be used for a wide variety of applications requiring high coverage, e.g. use cases in distributed smart grid deployments for management and trading

Large and dense LoRaWAN deployment to monitor real estate conditions and utilization rate

Abstract Internet of Things (ioT) drives today’s world towards digitalization allowing diverse and innovative use cases. These use cases are changing in a fundamental way how people are conducting their business in various verticals. In this paper we focus on the real estate use case. We deploy a monitoring system in a large open space at University of Oulu. The deployed system visualizes real estate conditions of this environment and gives insight to understanding a LoRaWAN IoT-enabled building. The number of the sensor nodes composing the deployed system reaches 331, with each node comprising five sensors providing information about temperature, humidity, CO₂, amount of light, and motion. In the paper we report the results and the lessons learned during the deployment of such an extensive LoRaWAN sensor network. Aside of the practicalities related to the deployment of the network, we characterize and report the performance of the deployed network. The conducted deployment can become a valuable reference for engineers and practitioners, deploying a real estate monitoring system with LoRaWAN

Impact of IEEE 802.15.4 communication settings on performance in asynchronous two way UWB ranging

Abstract The ultra wideband (UWB) radio signals are known for their good time resolution enabling implementation of accurate localization and tracking. The recent appearance of commercial UWB transceivers in masses on the market has boosted the interest towards this technology and facilitated its use not just for research, but also for business. In this paper we focus on the problem of UWB-based wireless indoor localization of machines and humans by means of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 high rate pulse repetition UWB technology and specifically the accuracy of such localization. Namely, we report the results of an extensive experimental study revealing the effect of various communication settings on the accuracy of indoor localization for the proposed earlier asymmetric localization protocol. The conducted experiments lasted over 200 hours almost nonstop and involved transmission of more than 30 million ranging packets. In the experiments we have tested over 200 different modes and explored the effect of seven different parameters on the UWB ranging performance. The presented results reveal that the communication settings need to be accounted for when determining the time of flight using UWB. Also we show that the accuracy of ranging is strongly affected by the used channel, data rate and pulse repetition frequency. Finally, we note that the increase of the UWB transceiver’s temperature due to self-heating has a strong effect on the results of the localization