Efecto de la temperatura de refinación química y física de aceites de salvado de arroz sobre el contenido de tocoferoles

The stability of α-, (β+γ)- and δ-tocopherols present in rice bran oil at different heating temperatures has been evaluated. For this purpose, samples of rice bran oil from chemical and physical refining processes in Brazilian industries were studied. The oils were submitted to cabinet drying without air circulation in the absence of light at 100 ºC, 140 ºC and 180 ºC. The samples were taken before heating and after 48, 144, 240, 336, 432, 576, 768, 1008 and 1368h of heating. The analyses of tocopherols were made by high performance liquid chromatography, with a fluorescence detector. It was determined that α-tocopherol was the compound with the fastest degradation rate at the three heating temperatures. The highest degradation rate of tocopherols in both oils occurred at 180 ºC. Among the tocopherols studied, α tocopherol presented the lowest stability, followed by (β+γ)- and δ-tocopherols.La estabilidad de los tocoferoles α-, (β + γ) - y δ presentes en los aceites de salvado de arroz a diferentes temperaturas de calentamiento fueron evaluadas. Para ello, se utilizaron muestras de aceite de salvado de arroz proveniente de los procesos de refinación química y física de industrias brasileñas. Los aceites fueron sometidos a 100 ºC, 140 ºC y 180 ºC, en cabinas de secado sin circulación de aire, bajo ausencia de luz. Las muestras fueron tomadas antes de la calefacción y después de 48, 144, 240, 336, 432, 576, 768, 1008 y 1368 h de calentamiento. El análisis de tocoferoles fue realizado por cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia, con detector de fluorescencia. Se observó que el α-tocoferol fue el compuesto con degradación más rápida en las tres temperaturas de calentamiento. La mayor tasa de degradación de los tocoferoles, en ambos aceites, ocurrió a la temperatura de 180 ºC. Entre los tocoferoles analizados, α-tocoferol presentó menor estabilidad, seguido por los (β + γ) - y δ-tocoferoles

Caracterização físico-química e legislação de néctares elaborados por empresas gaúchas / Physical-chemical characterization and legislation of nectars prepared by gaucho companies

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar características físico-químicas de néctares produzidos por empresas gaúchas, pois, a fruticultura é um ramo importante do setor de alimentos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico e ampliação do mercado interno. O consumo de bebidas de frutas apresenta-se em ascensão devido ao maior consumo de bebidas não alcoólicas e mudanças nos hábitos dos consumidores, pela praticidade no consumo de bebidas prontas para beber. Em néctares de sabores abacaxi, laranja, maracujá, pêssego e uva, de duas marcas, foram analisadas sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, SS/AT e ácido L-ascórbico em triplicata. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórias em comparação com a legislação, exceto os parâmetros sólidos solúveis e ácido L-ascórbico, os quais que apresentaram valores abaixo do padrão. A legislação apresenta lacunas em relação ao padrão de néctares, tornando-se inviável afirmar se um produto tem qualidade ou não, o que possibilita a comercialização de bebidas não regulamentadas que podem prejudicar o consumidor

γ-Oryzanol and tocopherol contents in residues of rice bran oil refining

AbstractRice bran oil (RBO) contains significant amounts of the natural antioxidants γ-oryzanol and tocopherols, which are lost to a large degree during oil refining. This results in a number of industrial residues with high contents of these phytochemicals. With the aim of supporting the development of profitable industrial procedures for γ-oryzanol and tocopherol recovery, the contents of these phytochemicals in all the residues produced during RBO refining were evaluated. The samples included residues from the degumming, soap precipitation, bleaching earth filtering, dewaxing and deodorisation distillation steps. The highest phytochemical concentrations were found in the precipitated soap for γ-oryzanol (14.2mgg−1, representing 95.3% of total γ-oryzanol in crude RBO), and in the deodorisation distillate for tocopherols (576mg100g−1, representing 6.7% of total tocopherols in crude RBO). Therefore, among the residues of RBO processing, the deodorisation distillate was the best source of tocopherols. As the soap is further processed for the recovery of fatty acids, samples taken from every step of this secondary process, including hydrosoluble fraction, hydrolysed soap, distillation residue and purified fatty acid fraction, were also analyzed. The distillation residue left after fatty acid recovery from soap was found to be the best source of γ-oryzanol (43.1mgg−1, representing 11.5% of total γ-oryzanol in crude RBO)

The inverted CD4:CD8 ratio is associated with cytomegalovirus, poor cognitive and functional states in older adults

Background: Some premature features of immunosenescence have been associated with persistent viral infections and altered populations of T cells. In particular, the inverted T CD4:CD8 ratio has been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality across different age groups. Objective: Here, we investigated the role of persistent viral infections, cognitive and functional states as predictors of inverted CD4:CD8 ratio of older adults in a developing country. Methods: Three hundred and sixty community-dwelling older adults (aged 60-103 years) were recruited. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Instrument of Brief Neuropsychological Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination inventory. Functional Activities Questionnaire was used to determine activities of daily living. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serologies were determined by ELISAs. Peripheral blood was assessed for lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry (CD4+, CD8+, NK, NKT, B and CD8+CD28-). Results: Fifty-nine individuals were identified with CD4:CD8 ratio 1. The older adults with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio had impairments in some cognitive dimensions and had more functional disability and dependency (p = 0.01) than subjects with CD4:CD8 ratio >1. The lymphocyte subsets did not vary between groups. The increased CMV-IgG titers alone contributed to 8× higher chance to invert CD4:CD8 T cell ratio (OR 8.12, 95% CI 1.74-37.88, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data further indicate the role of CMV on circulating T cells, poor cognition and functional disability/dependency during aging