Riesgos potenciales de las micotoxinas en alimentos. Panorama regional de las toxinas deoxinivalenol y zearalenona

Riesgos potenciales de las micotoxinas en alimentos. Panorama regional de las toxinas deoxinivalenol y zearalenona.Fil: Pioli, Rosanna. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Experiencias compartidas sobre detección de micotoxinas de Fusarium a las harinas de soja, trigo y otros cultivos

Experiencias compartidas sobre detección de micotoxinas de Fusarium a las harinas de soja, trigo y otros cultivosFil: Peruzzo, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Efeito de Fusarium graminearum schwabe na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopse de trigo na Argentina

F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infection.F. graminearum é o principal agente causal da giberela em cereais na Argentina. É uma doença que se desenvolve durante o estado floral de hospedeiro. Quando as estruturas reprodutivas no hospedeiro são colonizadas, os grãos podem ser enrugados e mostrar reduções de peso, causando diminuição no rendimento. Técnicas de diagnóstico fisiológico em sementes podem detectar os danos produzidos por este fungo e pode ser usada para tomar decisões sobre a qualidade dos lotes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis danos fisiológicos causados por F. graminearum em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo. As sementes e cariopses foram obtidas a partir de plantas expostas a infecção fúngica e foram avaliadas em duas situações: inoculação artificial em casa de vegetação e infecção natural em campos da Província de Santa Fé (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''O). Determinou-se o peso da semente e realizou-se os testes de tetrazólio, germinação, condutividade elétrica e raios-X em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo para cada tratamento. Comportamentos diferenciais de cepas de F. graminearum em cultivares suscetíveis de soja e trigo sob condições de casa de vegetação revelou interações específicas entre cultivares de soja e trigo com este fungo. As interações produziram uma redução significativa na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopses trigo. Esses comportamentos não foram detectados em condições de campo nos locais avaliados. Todos os testes de qualidade das sementes utilizados neste experimento foram úteis para mostrar as diferenças de infecção em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo, independentemente da infecção por F. graminearum.Fil: Peruzzo, Alejandra María. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pioli, Rosanna Nora. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, A.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

EFEITO DE Fusarium graminearum Schwabe NA QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE SOJA E CARIOPSE DE TRIGO NA ARGENTINA

F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43’22’’S; 62°14’46’’W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infection.F. graminearum é o principal agente causal da giberela em cereais na Argentina. É uma doença que se desenvolve durante o estado floral de hospedeiro. Quando as estruturas reprodutivas no hospedeiro são colonizadas, os grãos podem ser enrugados e mostrar reduções de peso, causando diminuição no rendimento. Técnicas de diagnóstico fisiológico em sementes podem detectar os danos produzidos por este fungo e pode ser usada para tomar decisões sobre a qualidade dos lotes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis danos fisiológicos causados por F. graminearum em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo. As sementes e cariopses foram obtidas a partir de plantas expostas a infecção fúngica e foram avaliadas em duas situações: inoculação artificial em casa de vegetação e infecção natural em campos da Província de Santa Fé (33°43’22’’S; 62°14’46’’O). Determinou-se o peso da semente e realizou-se os testes de tetrazólio, germinação, condutividade elétrica e raios-X em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo para cada tratamento. Comportamentos diferenciais de cepas de F. graminearum em cultivares suscetíveis de soja e trigo sob condições de casa de vegetação revelou interações específicas entre cultivares de soja e trigo com este fungo. As interações produziram uma redução significativa na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopses trigo. Esses comportamentos não foram detectados em condições de campo nos locais avaliados. Todos os testes de qualidade das sementes utilizados neste experimento foram úteis para mostrar as diferenças de infecção em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo, independentemente da infecção por F. graminearum

Mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat and soybean detected by the Elisa test

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de micotoxinas en las harinas derivadas de trigo y soja expuestos a la infección de Fusarium graminearum y detectadas por prueba de Elisa. La contaminación fue evaluada durante 2010 y 2012, en condiciones de invernadero, a través de inoculaciones artificiales, y en lotes de producción en campo, expuestos a infecciones naturales. Se utilizaron 26 muestras de harinas derivadas de cariopsis de trigo y semillas de soja. La detección de micotoxinas deoxinivalenol y zearalenona se realizó por kit de Elisa. En harinas de trigo de diversos ambientes, se detectaron ambas micotoxinas – deoxinivalenol y zearalenona –, mientras que en harinas de soja sólo se detectó zearalenona. Las concentraciones de esas micotoxinas observadas en las harinas no son admisibles para el consumo humano y animal. El kit de Elisa constituyó una herramienta biotecnológica efectiva para la detección de la contaminación predominante de zearalenona, producida por F. graminearum, en harinas de trigo y soja de diferentes ambientes semicontrolados y naturales.The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seed exposed to Fusarium graminearum infection and detected by the Elisa test. Contamination was evaluated during 2010 and 2012, in greenhouse conditions, by artificial inoculation, and on field‑production batches exposed to natural infections. Twenty‑six samples of flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seeds were used. Detection of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone was performed by an Elisa kit. In wheat flour of different environments both mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol and zearalenone – were detected, while in soybean flour only zearalenone was detected. Mycotoxins concentrations observed in these flours are inappropriate for human and animal consumption. Elisa kit constituted an effective biotechnological tool for the detection of prevailing contamination by zearalenone, caused by F. graminearum in wheat and soybean flours of different, semicontrolled and natural environments.The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seed exposed to Fusarium graminearum infection and detected by the Elisa test. Contamination was evaluated during 2010 and 2012, in greenhouse conditions, by artificial inoculation, and on field‑production batches exposed to natural infections. Twenty‑six samples of flours derived from wheat caryopses and soybean seeds were used. Detection of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone was performed by an Elisa kit. In wheat flour of different environments both mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol and zearalenone – were detected, while in soybean flour only zearalenone was detected. Mycotoxins concentrations observed in these flours are inappropriate for human and animal consumption. Elisa kit constituted an effective biotechnological tool for the detection of prevailing contamination by zearalenone, caused by F. graminearum in wheat and soybean flours of different, semicontrolled and natural environments

Resistencia genética a la Cancrosis del tallo de soja causada por Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora: una estrategia innovadora y sustentable

Resistencia genética a la Cancrosis del tallo de soja causada por Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora: una estrategia innovadora y sustentableFil: Peruzzo, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Líquenes como bioindicadores de calidad de aire en ambientes urbanos y rurales: Experiencias de transferencia 4º Convocatoria

Líquenes como bioindicadores de calidad de aire en ambientes urbanos y rurales: Experiencias de transferencia 4º ConvocatoriaFil: Pioli, Rosanna. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Experiencias compartidas sobre detección de micotoxinas de Fusarium a las harinas de soja, trigo y otros cultivos

Experiencias compartidas sobre detección de micotoxinas de Fusarium a las harinas de soja, trigo y otros cultivosFil: Peruzzo, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Experiencias compartidas y transferencia: Cómo detectar y minimizar la contaminación de semillas y harinas por micotoxinas de Fusarium

Experiencias compartidas y transferencia: Cómo detectar y minimizar la contaminación de semillas y harinas por micotoxinas de FusariumFil: Pioli, Rosanna. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

SEARCH AND IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTANCE TO SOYBEAN STEM CANKER CAUSED BY Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora

La agricultura moderna requiere estrategias que incrementen la productividad de manera sustentable y el compromiso de mejorar y preservar la calidad de vida urbana, rural y el ambiente. Estados Unidos, Brasil y Argentina son los principales productores mundiales de soja; siendo los responsables del 80% de la producción de grano entre 1996-2017. En Argentina y el mundo las enfermedades causan pérdidas del 10-15%, constituyendo un factor limitante para el rendimiento y calidad de granos, semillas y derivados. La cancrosis del tallo de soja (CTS) es causada por el hongo Diaporthe phaseolorum en sus dos variedades: var. meridionalis (Dpm) y var. caulivora (Dpc). En el germoplasma de soja se identificaron 4 genes de resistencia dominantes, independientes y de herencia simple para la CTS-Dpm, actualmente denominados Rdm1-4. Posteriormente, se identificó y localizó en el mapa genético de soja al gen Rdm5. Sin embargo, los genes Rdm identificados para CTS-Dpm, no eran efectivos frente a CTS-Dpc. En consecuencia y dado que en el germoplasma de soja aun no habían sido identificados los genes Rdc para CTS-Dpc, esta enfermedad representó un desafío relevante en las últimas dos décadas. En virtud de que ciertos estudios realizados previamente habían mostrado la existencia de genotipos de soja con resistencia a CTS-Dpc, se propuso identificar y definir la herencia de genes Rdc de resistencia a esta enfermedad a través de técnicas mendelianas clásicas combinadas con marcadores moleculares específicos. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis se obtuvieron cruzamientos efectivos entre genotipos diferenciales resistentes y susceptibles a CTS-Dpc, y sus respectivas F1. En esta etapa se incorporó el uso de marcadores moleculares como técnica biotecnológica complementaria, permitiendo detectar polimorfismos entre progenitores diferenciales y validar molecularmente a los individuos heterocigotas F1. Esta validación de la dotación heterocigota de los individuos F1, resultante de la hibridación efectiva entre sus progenitores, permitió avanzar en la obtención segura de las poblaciones segregantes F2 y F3. Luego, mediante la inoculación de una cepa seleccionada de Dpc, se caracterizó la reacción fenotípica de resistencia/susceptibilidad frente a CTS-Dpc de los progenitores (Resistente y Susceptible), los individuos F1, los individuos F2 y las plantas de cada familia F2:3 derivadas de una misma planta F2 (Pruebas de Progenie). A través de las proporciones fenotípicas observadas en las Pruebas de Progenie y filial F3 se logró inferir las proporciones genotípicas esperadas de los individuos respectivos antecesores en la generación F2. Como resultado, se logró detectar la 14 presencia de un gen mayor de herencia simple que confiere resistencia a la CTS, siendo identificado como Rdc1, constituyendo éste el primer reporte mundial sobre genes de resistencia (Rdc) a CTS-Dpc. Los resultados obtenidos dieron cumplimiento a los objetivos planteados y permitirán además introgresar este gen Rdc de resistencia a CTS-Dpc en el germoplasma elite de soja, agregando valor e interés en los actuales programas de mejoramiento. Así, el mejoramiento genético convencional combinado con el uso de las nuevas herramientas biotecnológicas, seguirá contribuyendo al desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable y la reducción de la contaminación química y biológica residual.Modern agriculture requires strategies that increase productivity in a sustainable manner and commitment to improve and preserve the quality of urban, rural and environmental life. In Argentina and the world, soybean diseases constitute a limiting factor of yield and quality of the grains, seeds and derivates, causing between 10 and 15% of losses. Soybean stem canker (SSC) is caused by two varieties (var.) of the fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum: var. meridionalis (Dpm) and var. caulivora (Dpc). In soybean germplasm resistance genes were identified for SSC-Dpm. However, soybean genotypes bearing Rdm genes were not effective against SSC-Dpc. Since soybean germplasm does not have Rdc genes identified for SSC-Dpc, this disease represents a relevant challenge. In this context, it was proposed to identify and define the inheritance of Rdc resistance genes to SSC-Dpc through classical mendelian techniques assisted by specific molecular markers. Effective crosses between resistant and susceptible genotypes to SSC-Dpc, plus their respective F1, were obtained. At this stage, the use of molecular markers was incorporated as a complementary biotechnological technique, allowing the detection of polymorphisms between differential progenitors and the molecular validation of F1 heterozygous individuals. The validation of the heterozygous endowment of F1 individuals, resulting from the effective hybridization of their parents, allowed to progress in the secure obtaining of segregating populations F2 and F3. Later, through the inoculation of a selected Dpc isolate, phenotypic reaction of the resistance/susceptibility to SSC-Dpc was evaluated in the progenitors (Resistance and Susceptible), F1 individuals, F2 individuals and plants of each F2:3 family derived from a single plant F2 (Progeny tests). Through the phenotypic proportions observed in Progeny tests and F3 individuals, genotypic proportions of F2 population were calculated. As a result, the detection of the presence of a major gene of simple inheritance that confers resistance to SSC, identified as Rdc1, was detected, constituting the first report about resistance genes to SSC-Dpc. The results allowed to achieve the proposed objectives and advance in the study of new Rdc genes for SSC-Dpc and resistance genes for others important diseases, adding value and interest in the current breeding programs. For this reason, conventional breeding combined with new biotechnology techniques offers a relevant and accessible tool that contributes to decrease chemicalbiological residual contamination and improves the development of a sustainable agriculture.Fil: Apellido, Nombre. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaPeruzzo, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin