The Impact of Translactational Delivered Meloxicam Analgesia on Biomarkers of Pain and Distress after Piglet Processing

Oral meloxicam was administered to sows post-farrowing to investigate a novel route of providing analgesia to processed piglets via translactational drug transfer. Physiologic indicators of piglet pain were analyzed to determine the effects on pain control. An effective meloxicam dosage was reached in 4/5 sow litters with no adverse clinical effects. Both piglet cortisol and cranial skin temperature measured by infrared thermography indicated significant differences in pain biomarkers between treatment groups. This study demonstrates the successful transfer of meloxicam in sow’s milk and description of physiologic pain indicators after processing. It provides the foundation for future research into refining a novel, efficacious, and practical method of providing analgesia to piglets during processing

Differences in Colonization and Shedding Patterns after Oral Challenge of Cattle with Three Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains

Experimental oral challenge studies with three different genotypes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were conducted in cattle to determine the genotype-specific variability in shedding frequencies and concentrations and the frequency and extent of contamination of the environment. The results indicated that the E. coli O157:H7 genotype and ecological origin maybe important factors for the occurrence and concentration in the cattle host. Four groups of six young Holstein steers each were orally challenged with 10(6) CFU of one of three E. coli O157:H7 strains: FRIK 47 (groups 1 and 2), FRIK 1641 (group 3), and FRIK 2533 (group 4). Recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS) and environmental samples were taken on alternate days over 30 days. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells and generic E. coli cells per sample were determined. Also, the presence and absence of 28 gene targets were determined for 2,411 isolates using high-throughput real-time PCR. Over the study period, strains FRIK 47, FRIK 1641, and FRIK 2533 were detected in 52%, 42%, and 2% of RAMS, respectively. Environmental detection of the challenge strains was found mainly in samples of the hides and pen floors, with strains FRIK 47, FRIK 1641, and FRIK 2533 detected in 22%, 27%, and 0% of environmental samples, respectively. Based on the panel of 28 gene targets, genotypes of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and generic E. coli from the experimental samples were clustered into three subgroups. In conclusion, the results suggested that the type and intensity of measures to control this pathogen at the preharvest level may need to be strain specific

Impact of Transmammary-Delivered Meloxicam on Biomarkers of Pain and Distress in Piglets after Castration and Tail Docking

To investigate a novel route for providing analgesia to processed piglets via transmammary drug delivery, meloxicam was administered orally to sows after farrowing. The objectives of the study were to demonstrate meloxicam transfer from sows to piglets via milk and to describe the analgesic effects in piglets after processing through assessment of pain biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT). Ten sows received either meloxicam (30 mg/kg) (n = 5) or whey protein (placebo) (n = 5) in their daily feedings, starting four days after farrowing and continuing for three consecutive days. During this period, blood and milk samples were collected at 12-hour intervals. On Day 5 after farrowing, three boars and three gilts from each litter were castrated or sham castrated, tail docked, and administered an iron injection. Piglet blood samples were collected immediately before processing and at predetermined times over an 84-hour period. IRT images were captured at each piglet blood collection point. Plasma was tested to confirm meloxicam concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Meloxicam was detected in all piglets nursing on medicated sows at each time point, and the mean (± standard error of the mean) meloxicam concentration at castration was 568.9±105.8 ng/mL. Furthermore, ex-vivo prostaglandin E2(PGE2) synthesis inhibition was greater in piglets from treated sows compared to controls (p = 0.0059). There was a time-by-treatment interaction for plasma cortisol (p = 0.0009), with meloxicam-treated piglets demonstrating lower cortisol concentrations than control piglets for 10 hours after castration. No differences in mean plasma substance P concentrations between treatment groups were observed (p = 0.67). Lower cranial skin temperatures on IRT were observed in placebo compared to meloxicam-treated piglets (p = 0.015). This study demonstrates the successful transfer of meloxicam from sows to piglets through milk and corresponding analgesia after processing, as evidenced by a decrease in cortisol and PGE2levels and maintenance of cranial skin temperature

The Impact of Translactational Delivered Meloxicam Analgesia on Biomarkers of Pain and Distress after Piglet Processing

Oral meloxicam was administered to sows post-farrowing to investigate a novel route of providing analgesia to processed piglets via translactational drug transfer. Physiologic indicators of piglet pain were analyzed to determine the effects on pain control. An effective meloxicam dosage was reached in 4/5 sow litters with no adverse clinical effects. Both piglet cortisol and cranial skin temperature measured by infrared thermography indicated significant differences in pain biomarkers between treatment groups. This study demonstrates the successful transfer of meloxicam in sow’s milk and description of physiologic pain indicators after processing. It provides the foundation for future research into refining a novel, efficacious, and practical method of providing analgesia to piglets during processing.</p

Impact of Transmammary-Delivered Meloxicam on Biomarkers of Pain and Distress in Piglets after Castration and Tail Docking

To investigate a novel route for providing analgesia to processed piglets via transmammary drug delivery, meloxicam was administered orally to sows after farrowing. The objectives of the study were to demonstrate meloxicam transfer from sows to piglets via milk and to describe the analgesic effects in piglets after processing through assessment of pain biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT). Ten sows received either meloxicam (30 mg/kg) (n = 5) or whey protein (placebo) (n = 5) in their daily feedings, starting four days after farrowing and continuing for three consecutive days. During this period, blood and milk samples were collected at 12-hour intervals. On Day 5 after farrowing, three boars and three gilts from each litter were castrated or sham castrated, tail docked, and administered an iron injection. Piglet blood samples were collected immediately before processing and at predetermined times over an 84-hour period. IRT images were captured at each piglet blood collection point. Plasma was tested to confirm meloxicam concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Meloxicam was detected in all piglets nursing on medicated sows at each time point, and the mean (± standard error of the mean) meloxicam concentration at castration was 568.9±105.8 ng/mL. Furthermore, ex-vivo prostaglandin E2(PGE2) synthesis inhibition was greater in piglets from treated sows compared to controls (p = 0.0059). There was a time-by-treatment interaction for plasma cortisol (p = 0.0009), with meloxicam-treated piglets demonstrating lower cortisol concentrations than control piglets for 10 hours after castration. No differences in mean plasma substance P concentrations between treatment groups were observed (p = 0.67). Lower cranial skin temperatures on IRT were observed in placebo compared to meloxicam-treated piglets (p = 0.015). This study demonstrates the successful transfer of meloxicam from sows to piglets through milk and corresponding analgesia after processing, as evidenced by a decrease in cortisol and PGE2levels and maintenance of cranial skin temperature.This article is from PLOS ONE 9 (2014); e113678, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113678. Posted with permission.</p

Comparison between the least squares (LS) means ± standard error (SE) of piglet serum chemistry biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT) temperatures, as classified by the procedure (Proc) of castrated (CAST) and sham castrated (SHAM) and treatment (Trt) with 30 mg/kg PO meloxicam (MEL) or whey placebo (CONT) to sows on Days 4–6 after farrowing.

<p>Comparison between the least squares (LS) means ± standard error (SE) of piglet serum chemistry biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT) temperatures, as classified by the procedure (Proc) of castrated (CAST) and sham castrated (SHAM) and treatment (Trt) with 30 mg/kg PO meloxicam (MEL) or whey placebo (CONT) to sows on Days 4–6 after farrowing.</p

Outline of study events for sows and their litters.

<p>Outline of study events for sows and their litters.</p

Plasma PGE₂ ± SE levels from meloxicam (MEL) - and whey placebo (CONT) - treated piglets.

<p>MEL piglets had a significantly greater amount of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) inhibition compared to their CONT counterparts (p = 0.0059). All time points that are marked with a and b were significantly different (p<0.05). The exception was 24 hours after administration (p = 0.0909).</p

Cranial infrared thermography (IRT) from meloxicam (MEL)- and whey placebo (CONT)- treated piglets.

<p>Means ± SE are depicted. There is a significant time-by-treatment interaction between MEL and CONT piglets (p = 0.0148). The interaction was significant at all timepoints (p<0.0001). There was an association between plasma meloxicam levels and cranial IRT measures (p = 0.0345).</p