146 research outputs found

    The bZIP transcription factor SPA Heterodimerizing Protein represses glutenin synthesis in Triticum aestivum

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    The quality of wheat grain is mainly determined by the quantity and composition of its grain storage proteins (GSPs). Grain storage proteins consist of low- and high-molecular-weight glutenins (LMW-GS and HMW-GS, respectively) and gliadins. The synthesis of these proteins is essentially regulated at the transcriptional level and by the availability of nitrogen and sulfur. The regulation network has been extensively studied in barley where BLZ1 and BLZ2, members of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family, activate the synthesis of hordeins. To date, in wheat, only the ortholog of BLZ2, Storage Protein Activator (SPA), has been identified as playing a major role in the regulation of GSP synthesis. Here, the ortholog of BLZ1, named SPA Heterodimerizing Protein (SHP), was identified and its involvement in the transcriptional regulation of the genes coding for GSPs was analyzed. In gel mobility shift assays, SHP binds cis-motifs known to bind to bZIP family transcription factors in HMW-GS and LMW-GS promoters. Moreover, we showed by transient expression assays in wheat endosperm that SHP acts as a repressor of the activity of these gene promoters. This result was confirmed in transgenic lines overexpressing SHP, which were grown with low and high nitrogen supply. The phenotype of SHP-overexpressing lines showed a lower quantity of both LMW-GS and HMW-GS, while the quantity of gliadin was unchanged, whatever the nitrogen availability. Thus, the gliadin/glutenin ratio was increased, which suggests that gliadin and glutenin genes may be differently regulated

    Formes d'engagement en R&D, processus d'innovation et modalités d'interaction entre firmes dans l'industrie pharmaceutique

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    [fre] Dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, comme dans tous les secteurs intensifs en recherche et dĂ©veloppement, la dynamique industrielle rĂ©sulte du jeu combinĂ© des processus d'innovation Ă  l'Ɠuvre et des dispositifs institutionnels en vigueur. Cette dynamique gĂ©nĂšre des formes d'engagement en R&D et des trajectoires variĂ©es d'interaction entre firmes, dont les trois formes classiques (rivalitĂ© frontale, coopĂ©ration, intĂ©gration/concentration) ne constituent que des « attracteurs » gĂ©nĂ©riques. Le cadre d'analyse proposĂ© dans cet article permet prĂ©cisĂ©ment d'identifier le champ des configurations d'interaction envisageables et d'examiner leurs manifestations concrĂštes - passĂ©es, actuelles et potentielles - dans le cadre de l'industrie pharmaceutique. [eng] The dynamics of R&D intensive industries like pharmaceuticals results from the combined action of the innovation processes at work and of the prevailing institutional conditions (patenting and homologation procedures). This dynamics generates a variety of modes of commitment in R&D and of interaction trajectories between firms among which the three classical forms of interaction (total rivalry, cooperation, integration/concentration) constitute only the main axes of attraction. The analytical framework proposed in this article reflects the diversity of the configurations of interfirm interaction within R&D intensive industries, especially pharmaceuticals examinee here through partial evidence, both past and actual.

    Relevance of walking characteristics in simple and dual task as biomarkers of asymptomatic phase in cognitive decline ?

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    On admet aujourd'hui que les tests psychomĂ©triques traditionnels paraissent insuffisants pour dĂ©tecter prĂ©cocement des troubles cognitifs. ParallĂšlement, des cliniciens observent une perte de l'automaticitĂ© de la marche lors du vieillissement normal ou de pathologies neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratives qui peut ĂȘtre directement imputĂ©e au dĂ©clin des fonctions exĂ©cutives (FE) et aggravĂ© lors des situations de double-tĂąche (DT). Plusieurs auteurs ont montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence prĂ©maturĂ©e d'une atteinte motrice pouvait prĂ©dire une Ă©volution dĂ©favorable vers une dĂ©mence de type Alzheimer. Dans ce contexte, il devient Ă©vident que l'Ă©valuation de la marche doit faire l'objet d'une investigation spĂ©cifique lors d'un bilan cognitif. Les travaux de cette thĂšse s'articulent autour du concept de troubles cognitifs lĂ©gers, des FE et de l'Ă©valuation motrice lors de diverses situations de marche.L'objectif principal est de dĂ©terminer si l'Ă©valuation de la marche spontanĂ©e et/ou en DT constitue un outil de dĂ©tection prĂ©coce des troubles cognitifs. Un objectif secondaire est de prĂ©ciser les FE qui affectent la performance motrice dans les situations de DT. L'originalitĂ© de ce travail de thĂšse rĂ©side dans le dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux exercices de DT de navigation spatiale basĂ©s sur l'adaptation de tests neuropsychologiques (test de Corsi, de Stroop et Trail Making Test) Ă  la marche. Finalement, nous avons aussi proposĂ© un « stroop Ă©cologique » qui s'intĂ©resse Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision de traverser de rue au feu piĂ©ton.Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent que les interfĂ©rences provoquĂ©es par les situations de DT entrainent une modification spĂ©cifique du schĂ©ma de marche du sujet ĂągĂ© ayant des troubles cognitifs mĂȘme lorsqu'ils sont infracliniques. De plus, la rĂ©solution des tests de DT nĂ©cessite la participation commune de plusieurs FE.En conclusion, la batterie de test que nous proposons prĂ©sente un intĂ©rĂȘt potentiel dans la dĂ©tection prĂ©coce des troubles cognitifs chez les sujets ĂągĂ©s, mais aussi dans la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes rĂ©gulant les FE.Traditional psychometric and/or neuropsychologic tests alone, are not powerful enough to detect cognitive disturbances in aging subjects and therefore new criteria and tests should be developed to get relevant screening tools. Since walking is not anymore considered as a pure automatic motor task but as a task depending both on cognitive and executive functions (EF), clinicians became interested in studying walking disturbances in the course of neurodegenerative pathology development. Walking tasks can be complex and could be assimilated as a double-task (DT) when individuals have to simultaneously proceed with cognitive and motor tasks. Several authors have suggested that disturbances in walking abilities could predict cognitive disorders (e.g. Alzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)). Therefore, walking abilities should specifically be evaluated during cognitive clinical investigation.The main goal of our work is to evaluate whether a walking task alone and/or walking tasks in the context of DT could be of interest in detecting early stages of cognitive disorders in the elderly. A secondary goal is to investigate what are the executive functions that can influence walking during a DT. The originality of our approach also stems from the new motor ability tests we have developed. They are based on validated neuropsychological tests (Corsi, Stroop and Trail Making Tests) and are adapted to the context of walking. Moreover, we also present an adaptation of the Stroop test in the situation of a pedestrian at the cross light intending to cross a street ("ecological Stroop test").Our results show that DT situations induce specific changes in walking scheme in the elderly with established cognitive disorders and also -and this is one of our most important result- with borderline patients. We also show that the DT we tested required the involment of several EF.In conclusion, the new tests we present could be of interest in detecting early stages of cognitive disorders in elderly subjects and moreover can give clues to the mechanisms involved in the regulation of executive functions

    Les déterminants de l'apprentissage structurel dans le domaine auditif

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    Les ĂȘtres humains sont capables d’abstraire des connaissances acquises dans une tĂąche pour les appliquer Ă  une nouvelle tĂąche, dans la mesure oĂč celles-ci partagent des composants communs. Le paradigme Catch the Sound a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le but de mieux comprendre quelles sont les conditions nĂ©cessaires pour que cet apprentissage structurel soit prĂ©sent dans le domaine auditif. Ce paradigme comporte quatre tĂąches issues d’un seul et mĂȘme modĂšle gĂ©nĂ©ratif et nous permet d’observer un apprentissage structurel chez 28.6% de notre Ă©chantillon (n = 49, Ăąge moyen = 24.06 ans). De ce fait, nous avons pu investiguer le rĂŽle de la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle dans l’apprentissage structurel. Nous avons partiellement rĂ©pliquĂ© les rĂ©sultats obtenus par Altarelli et al. (in prep.), en trouvant un lien entre les capacitĂ©s attentionnelles et l’apprentissage structurel. Dans des analyses exploratoires, nous avons Ă©galement trouvĂ© un lien entre l’Ouverture (Big 5) et l’apprentissage structurel
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