6,570 research outputs found
Social Organization of the Eastern Rock Elephant-Shrew (\u3cem\u3eElephantulus myurus\u3c/em\u3e): The Evidence for Mate Guarding
Understanding the costs and benefits of defending solitary females, or mate guarding, may be the key to understanding the evolution of monogamy in most mammals. Elephant-shrews, or sengis, are a unique clade of small mammals that are particularly attractive for studies of mate guarding. We studied the spatial organization of Eastern Rock Sengis (Elephantulus myurus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, from August – December 2000. Our objectives were to describe the home ranges of males and females using radiotelemetry, noting the sizes and overlap of adjacent ranges and how the spatial organization changes through time. Males and females were spatially associated in monogamous pairs despite the fact that males contributed no obvious direct care to offspring. These monogamous associations persisted despite the fact that some males had home ranges large enough to encompass multiple females. Males also had more variable ranges, perhaps because they spent more time at the periphery of their ranges exploring for the presence of additional females. There was likely competition for females, as range shifts were observed when male territory holders died or disappeared. It seems likely that this species is a model study organism to investigate the costs and benefits of mate guarding
RF spectroscopy in a resonant RF-dressed trap
We study the spectroscopy of atoms dressed by a resonant radiofrequency (RF)
field inside an inhomogeneous magnetic field and confined in the resulting
adiabatic potential. The spectroscopic probe is a second, weak, RF field. The
observed line shape is related to the temperature of the trapped cloud. We
demonstrate evaporative cooling of the RF-dressed atoms by sweeping the
frequency of the second RF field around the Rabi frequency of the dressing
field.Comment: 7 figures, 8 pages; to appear in J. Phys.
Adaptive optics in high-contrast imaging
The development of adaptive optics (AO) played a major role in modern
astronomy over the last three decades. By compensating for the atmospheric
turbulence, these systems enable to reach the diffraction limit on large
telescopes. In this review, we will focus on high contrast applications of
adaptive optics, namely, imaging the close vicinity of bright stellar objects
and revealing regions otherwise hidden within the turbulent halo of the
atmosphere to look for objects with a contrast ratio lower than 10^-4 with
respect to the central star. Such high-contrast AO-corrected observations have
led to fundamental results in our current understanding of planetary formation
and evolution as well as stellar evolution. AO systems equipped three
generations of instruments, from the first pioneering experiments in the
nineties, to the first wave of instruments on 8m-class telescopes in the years
2000, and finally to the extreme AO systems that have recently started
operations. Along with high-contrast techniques, AO enables to reveal the
circumstellar environment: massive protoplanetary disks featuring spiral arms,
gaps or other asymmetries hinting at on-going planet formation, young giant
planets shining in thermal emission, or tenuous debris disks and micron-sized
dust leftover from collisions in massive asteroid-belt analogs. After
introducing the science case and technical requirements, we will review the
architecture of standard and extreme AO systems, before presenting a few
selected science highlights obtained with recent AO instruments.Comment: 24 pages, 14 figure
Lorentz violating extension of the Standard Model and the Beta-decay end-point
The Standard Model extension with additional Lorentz violating terms allows
for redefining the equation of motion of a propagating left-handed fermionic
particle. The obtained Dirac-type equation can be embedded in a generalized
Lorentz-invariance preserving-algebra through the definition of Lorentz
algebra-like generators with a light-like preferred axis. The resulting
modification to the fermionic equation of motion introduces some novel
ingredients to the phenomenological analysis of the cross section of the
tritium -decay. Assuming lepton number conservation, our formalism
provides a natural explanation for the tritium -decay end-point via an
effective neutrino mass term without the need of a sterile right-handed state.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur
Large tunable image-charge effects in single-molecule junctions
The characteristics of molecular electronic devices are critically determined
by metal-organic interfaces, which influence the arrangement of the orbital
levels that participate in charge transport. Studies on self-assembled
monolayers (SAMs) show (molecule-dependent) level shifts as well as
transport-gap renormalization, suggesting that polarization effects in the
metal substrate play a key role in the level alignment with respect to the
metal's Fermi energy. Here, we provide direct evidence for an electrode-induced
gap renormalization in single-molecule junctions. We study charge transport in
single porphyrin-type molecules using electrically gateable break junctions. In
this set-up, the position of the occupied and unoccupied levels can be followed
in situ and with simultaneous mechanical control. When increasing the electrode
separation, we observe a substantial increase in the transport gap with level
shifts as high as several hundreds of meV for displacements of a few \aa
ngstroms. Analysis of this large and tunable gap renormalization with
image-charge calculations based on atomic charges obtained from density
functional theory confirms and clarifies the dominant role of image-charge
effects in single-molecule junctions
Continuity of Local Time: An applied perspective
Continuity of local time for Brownian motion ranks among the most notable
mathematical results in the theory of stochastic processes. This article
addresses its implications from the point of view of applications. In
particular an extension of previous results on an explicit role of continuity
of (natural) local time is obtained for applications to recent classes of
problems in physics, biology and finance involving discontinuities in a
dispersion coefficient. The main theorem and its corollary provide physical
principles that relate macro scale continuity of deterministic quantities to
micro scale continuity of the (stochastic) local time.Comment: To appear in: "The fascination of Probability, Statistics and Their
Applications. In honour of Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen on his 80th birthday
Gestational diabetes as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer: a prospective cohort study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Diabetes is known to be associated with cancer of the pancreas, though there is some debate as to whether it is a cause or a consequence of the disease. We investigated the incidence of pancreatic cancer in a cohort of 37926 Israeli women followed for 28–40 years for whom information on diabetes had been collected at the time they gave birth, in 1964–1976, in Jerusalem. There were 54 cases of pancreatic cancer ascertained from the Israel Cancer Registry during follow-up.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for age at baseline and explore effects of other risk factors, including ethnic groups, preeclampsia, birth order and birth weight of offspring.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We observed no cases of pancreatic cancer in the women with insulin dependent diabetes; however, there were five cases in the women with gestational diabetes. The interval between the record of diabetes in pregnancy and the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer ranged from 14–35 years. Women with a history of gestational diabetes showed a relative risk of pancreatic cancer of 7.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.8–18.0).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that gestational diabetes is strongly related to the risk of cancer of the pancreas in women in this population, and that gestational diabetes can precede cancer diagnosis by many years.</p
Tests with a Carlina-type diluted telescope; Primary coherencing
Studies are under way to propose a new generation of post-VLTI
interferometers. The Carlina concept studied at the Haute- Provence Observatory
is one of the proposed solutions. It consists in an optical interferometer
configured like a diluted version of the Arecibo radio telescope: above the
diluted primary mirror made of fixed cospherical segments, a helium balloon (or
cables suspended between two mountains), carries a gondola containing the focal
optics. Since 2003, we have been building a technical demonstrator of this
diluted telescope. First fringes were obtained in May 2004 with two
closely-spaced primary segments and a CCD on the focal gondola. We have been
testing the whole optical train with three primary mirrors. The main aim of
this article is to describe the metrology that we have conceived, and tested
under the helium balloon to align the primary mirrors separate by 5-10 m on the
ground with an accuracy of a few microns. The servo loop stabilizes the mirror
of metrology under the helium balloon with an accuracy better than 5 mm while
it moves horizontally by 30 cm in open loop by 10-20 km/h of wind. We have
obtained the white fringes of metrology; i.e., the three mirrors are aligned
(cospherized) with an accuracy of {\approx} 1 micron. We show data proving the
stability of fringes over 15 minutes, therefore providing evidence that the
mechanical parts are stabilized within a few microns. This is an important step
that demonstrates the feasibility of building a diluted telescope using cables
strained between cliffs or under a balloon. Carlina, like the MMT or LBT, could
be one of the first members of a new class of telescopes named diluted
telescopes.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures, A&A, accepte
Onset of Propagation of Planar Cracks in Heterogeneous Media
The dynamics of planar crack fronts in hetergeneous media near the critical
load for onset of crack motion are investigated both analytically and by
numerical simulations. Elasticity of the solid leads to long range stress
transfer along the crack front which is non-monotonic in time due to the
elastic waves in the medium. In the quasistatic limit with instantaneous stress
transfer, the crack front exhibits dynamic critical phenomenon, with a second
order like transition from a pinned to a moving phase as the applied load is
increased through a critical value. At criticality, the crack-front is
self-affine, with a roughness exponent . The dynamic
exponent is found to be equal to and the correlation length
exponent . These results are in good agreement with those
obtained from an epsilon expansion. Sound-travel time delays in the stress
transfer do not change the static exponents but the dynamic exponent
becomes exactly one. Real elastic waves, however, lead to overshoots in the
stresses above their eventual static value when one part of the crack front
moves forward. Simplified models of these stress overshoots are used to show
that overshoots are relevant at the depinning transition leading to a decrease
in the critical load and an apparent jump in the velocity of the crack front
directly to a non-zero value. In finite systems, the velocity also shows
hysteretic behaviour as a function of the loading. These results suggest a
first order like transition. Possible implications for real tensile cracks are
discussed.Comment: 51 pages + 20 figur
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