81 research outputs found

    Évaluation du potentiel thĂ©rapeutique des stratĂ©gies de remplacement cellulairedans un modĂšle de lĂ©sion corticale chez la souris (transplantation neuronale etmobilisation des cellules souches endogĂšnes)

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    Les lésions cérébrales induisent une mort neuronale associée à des déficits fonctionnels importants. Afin de pallier aux capacités limitées de régénération spontanée des neurones du systÚme nerveux central adulte, nous avons évalué, dans un modÚle de lésion par aspiration du cortex moteur chez la souris adulte, le potentiel de stratégies de remplacement cellulaire par la transplantation de neurones embryonnaires ou dérivés de cellules souches, et la mobilisation des cellules souches endogÚnes présentes dans la zone sous-ventriculaire (ZSV). L'efficacité des neurones greffés dépend de leur capacité à adopter un phénotype neuronal approprié et à établir des projections spécifiques vers l'hÎte. Nous avons montré que les cellules embryonnaires transplantées immédiatement aprÚs la lésion dans le cortex moteur lésé se différencient en neurones matures corticaux et envoient des projections appropriées vers les cibles du cortex moteur. Nous avons montré qu'introduire un délai d'une semaine entre la lésion du cortex moteur et la transplantation augmente la vascularisation et la prolifération des cellules transplantées, ainsi que la densité des projections qu'elles développent. Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié la possibilité de générer des neurones corticaux à partir de cellules souches humaines comme source alternative de neurones à transplanter. Enfin, nous avons montré que la lésion du cortex moteur induit une augmentation de la prolifération cellulaire et de la neurogenÚse dans la ZSV, et favorise la migration des neuroblastes de la ZSV vers le site de lésion.Damage to the adult motor cortex can lead to severe deficits in motor function. One strategy for overcoming the generally limited capacity of the mature central nervous system to regenerate axons in response to cell loss is cell replacement based therapies. We studied brain repair strategies in a mouse model of motor cortex aspiration lesion by using transplantation of embryonic neurons or stem cells-derived neurons and by evaluating the potential of endogenous stem cells found in the subventricular zone. Neuronal transplantation efficacy depends on the capacity of the transplanted cells to developp into appropriate neuronal phenotype and establishment of specific connections. We have shown that embryonic cells grafted immediately after lesion into the lesioned motor cortex develop into mature neurons with appropriate phenotype and establish projections towards appropriate targets. We have shown that introducing a delay of one week between motor cortex lesion and transplantation enhances graft vascularization, grafted cells proliferation and the density of transplant-to-host projections. Besides, we have studied the possibility to generate cortical neurons from human stem cells as an alternative source of neurons for transplantation. Finally, recruitment of endogenous stem cells found in the SVZ was examined in a mouse model of cortical lesion. We have shown that motor cortex injury increases cellular proliferation and neurogenesis in the SVZ and the migration of neuroblasts near the lesion site via blood vessels and astrocytes assisted migration.POITIERS-SCD-Bib. électronique (861949901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    An improved whole life cycle culture protocol for the hydrozoan genetic model Clytia hemisphaerica

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    The jellyfish species Clytia hemisphaerica (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has emerged as a new experimental model animal in the last decade. Favorable characteristics include a fully transparent body suitable for microscopy, daily gamete production and a relatively short life cycle. Furthermore, whole genome sequence assembly and efficient gene editing techniques using CRISPR/Cas9 have opened new possibilities for genetic studies. The quasi-immortal vegetatively-growing polyp colony stage provides a practical means to maintain mutant strains. In the context of developing Clytia as a genetic model, we report here an improved whole life cycle culture method including an aquarium tank system designed for culture of the tiny jellyfish form. We have compared different feeding regimes using Artemia larvae as food and demonstrate that the stage-dependent feeding control is the key for rapid and reliable medusa and polyp rearing. Metamorphosis of the planula larvae into a polyp colony can be induced efficiently using a new synthetic peptide. The optimized procedures detailed here make it practical to generate genetically modified Clytia strains and to maintain their whole life cycle in the laboratory

    Domestication of different varieties in the cheese-making fungus Geotrichum candidum

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    Domestication is an excellent model for studying adaptation processes, involving recent adaptation and diversification, convergence following adaptation to similar conditions, as well as degeneration of unused functions. Geotrichum candidum is a fungus used for cheese making and is also found in other environments such as soil and plants. By analyzing whole-genome data from 98 strains, we found that all strains isolated from cheese formed a monophyletic clade. Within the cheese clade, we identified three genetically differentiated populations and we detected footprints of recombination and admixture. The genetic diversity in the cheese clade was similar as that in the wild clade, suggesting the lack of strong bottlenecks. Commercial starter strains were scattered across the cheese clade, thus not constituting a single clonal lineage. The cheese populations were phenotypically differentiated from other populations, with a slower growth on all media, even cheese, a prominent production of typical cheese volatiles and a lower proteolytic activity. One of the cheese clusters encompassed all soft goat cheese strains, suggesting an effect of cheese-making practices on differentiation. Another of the cheese populations seemed to represent a more advanced stage of domestication, with stronger phenotypic differentiation from the wild clade, harboring much lower genetic diversity, and phenotypes more typical of cheese fungi, with denser and fluffier colonies and a greater ability of excluding cheese spoiler fungi. Cheese populations lacked two beta lactamase-like genes present in the wild clade, involved in xenobiotic clearance, and displayed higher contents of transposable elements, likely due to relaxed selection. Our findings suggest the existence of genuine domestication in G. candidum, which led to diversification into different varieties with contrasted phenotypes. Some of the traits acquired by cheese strains indicate convergence with other, distantly related fungi used for cheese maturation

    Refining trait resilience: identifying engineering, ecological, and adaptive facets from extant measures of resilience

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    The current paper presents a new measure of trait resilience derived from three common mechanisms identified in ecological theory: Engineering, Ecological and Adaptive (EEA) resilience. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of five existing resilience scales suggest that the three trait resilience facets emerge, and can be reduced to a 12-item scale. The conceptualization and value of EEA resilience within the wider trait and well-being psychology is illustrated in terms of differing relationships with adaptive expressions of the traits of the five-factor personality model and the contribution to well-being after controlling for personality and coping, or over time. The current findings suggest that EEA resilience is a useful and parsimonious model and measure of trait resilience that can readily be placed within wider trait psychology and that is found to contribute to individual well-bein

    Cellular and molecular basis of regeneration in the medusa Clytia hemisphaerica

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    La mĂ©duse hydrozoaire Clytia hemisphaerica a une plasticitĂ© lui permettant de rĂ©pondre efficacement Ă  diffĂ©rents types de blessure. Au cours de ma thĂšse, je me suis intĂ©ressĂ©e aux processus cellulaires et molĂ©culaires au cours de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de l’organe digestif regroupant la bouche et l’estomac (appelĂ© ‘manubrium’) chez cette mĂ©duse. J’ai pu observer que la rĂ©ponse Ă  la blessure se dĂ©compose en trois phases successives : la cicatrisation, le remodelage de l’ombrelle rĂ©tablissant la forme mĂ©duse et la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de certains des organes manquants. La rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration du manubrium repose sur la formation d’une zone de prolifĂ©ration locale et sur des migrations de cellules souches venant des gonades. Des Ă©lĂ©ments structuraux, notamment les fibres musculaires, jouent un rĂŽle clef dans le repatterning de l’ombrelle et la position du manubrium rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©. J’ai Ă©galement gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des donnĂ©es transcriptomiques des premiers stades de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. Ces donnĂ©es ont permis d’identifier des marqueurs de diffĂ©rents types cellulaires du manubrium, et d’observer leur rĂ©apparition sĂ©quentielle au cours de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. Elles ont Ă©galement rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que la voie Wnt/ÎČ-catĂ©nine est la voie de signalisation prĂ©sentant l’expression la plus dynamique dans le manubrium en rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration, jouant trĂšs certainement un rĂŽle important dans la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de cet organe. Les travaux rĂ©alisĂ©s confirment le potentiel de la mĂ©duse Clytia comme modĂšle de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration permettant d’adresser de nombreuses questions sur le plan cellulaire et molĂ©culaire, et ainsi de mieux comprendre l’évolution des mĂ©canismes de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration chez les mĂ©tazoaires.The hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica displays very efficient wound repair mechanisms after different types of injury. During my PhD, I investigated in the medusa the cellular and molecular processes involved in the regeneration of the feeding organ, called ‘manubrium’, ensuring the function of the mouth and stomach. I could define three successive phases during the wound response: wound healing, remodeling of the umbrella allowing the rapid recovery of the circular medusae shape, followed by the regeneration of some of the missing organs. Manubrium regeneration relies on local proliferation as well as cell migration from the gonads. Structural elements, especially the muscle fibers, play a key role in the repatterning process of the umbrella and the site of manubrium regeneration. I also generated transcriptomic data covering the early steps of regeneration. These data allowed the identification of markers of different cell types of the manubrium and documentation of their sequential reappearance during regeneration. They also revealed dynamic expression profiles for Wnt/ÎČ-catenin pathway components in the regenerating manubrium, strongly suggesting important roles for this pathway during regeneration. This work confirmed the potential of Clytia medusae as an experimental model for studying regeneration, allowing conserved cellular and molecular mechanisms to be uncovered, and our knowledge about the evolution of regeneration mechanisms in metazoans to be expanded

    Bases cellulaires et moléculaires de la régénération chez la méduse Clytia hemisphaerica

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    The hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica displays very efficient wound repair mechanisms after different types of injury. During my PhD, I investigated in the medusa the cellular and molecular processes involved in the regeneration of the feeding organ, called ‘manubrium’, ensuring the function of the mouth and stomach. I could define three successive phases during the wound response: wound healing, remodeling of the umbrella allowing the rapid recovery of the circular medusae shape, followed by the regeneration of some of the missing organs. Manubrium regeneration relies on local proliferation as well as cell migration from the gonads. Structural elements, especially the muscle fibers, play a key role in the repatterning process of the umbrella and the site of manubrium regeneration. I also generated transcriptomic data covering the early steps of regeneration. These data allowed the identification of markers of different cell types of the manubrium and documentation of their sequential reappearance during regeneration. They also revealed dynamic expression profiles for Wnt/ÎČ-catenin pathway components in the regenerating manubrium, strongly suggesting important roles for this pathway during regeneration. This work confirmed the potential of Clytia medusae as an experimental model for studying regeneration, allowing conserved cellular and molecular mechanisms to be uncovered, and our knowledge about the evolution of regeneration mechanisms in metazoans to be expanded.La mĂ©duse hydrozoaire Clytia hemisphaerica a une plasticitĂ© lui permettant de rĂ©pondre efficacement Ă  diffĂ©rents types de blessure. Au cours de ma thĂšse, je me suis intĂ©ressĂ©e aux processus cellulaires et molĂ©culaires au cours de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de l’organe digestif regroupant la bouche et l’estomac (appelĂ© ‘manubrium’) chez cette mĂ©duse. J’ai pu observer que la rĂ©ponse Ă  la blessure se dĂ©compose en trois phases successives : la cicatrisation, le remodelage de l’ombrelle rĂ©tablissant la forme mĂ©duse et la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de certains des organes manquants. La rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration du manubrium repose sur la formation d’une zone de prolifĂ©ration locale et sur des migrations de cellules souches venant des gonades. Des Ă©lĂ©ments structuraux, notamment les fibres musculaires, jouent un rĂŽle clef dans le repatterning de l’ombrelle et la position du manubrium rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©. J’ai Ă©galement gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des donnĂ©es transcriptomiques des premiers stades de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. Ces donnĂ©es ont permis d’identifier des marqueurs de diffĂ©rents types cellulaires du manubrium, et d’observer leur rĂ©apparition sĂ©quentielle au cours de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. Elles ont Ă©galement rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que la voie Wnt/ÎČ-catĂ©nine est la voie de signalisation prĂ©sentant l’expression la plus dynamique dans le manubrium en rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration, jouant trĂšs certainement un rĂŽle important dans la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de cet organe. Les travaux rĂ©alisĂ©s confirment le potentiel de la mĂ©duse Clytia comme modĂšle de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration permettant d’adresser de nombreuses questions sur le plan cellulaire et molĂ©culaire, et ainsi de mieux comprendre l’évolution des mĂ©canismes de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration chez les mĂ©tazoaires

    Point actuel sur l'infection focale d'origine bucco-dentaire

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    L'infection focale d'origine bucco-dentaire signifie qu'un foyer infectieux oral peut ĂȘtre Ă  l'origine de lĂ©sions Ă  distance gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es, mais surtout localisĂ©es Ă  divers appareils. Ce concept, quoique connu depuis fort longtemps, demeure controversĂ© puisqu'il est difficile de prouver de façon absolue l'origine buccale des germes responsables d'une infection extra-buccale. L'expĂ©rimentation animale et les Ă©tudes cliniques ont suggĂ©rĂ© plusieurs mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques : la bactĂ©riĂ©mie, les mĂ©canismes toxinique et immunologique, l'aspiration. DiffĂ©rentes manoeuvres induisent le passage de la flore bactĂ©rienne (transcytose) et de ses toxines dans la circulation sanguine : les soins bucco-dentaires mais Ă©galement des actes de la vie quotidienne comme la mastication ou le brossage dentaire, principalement en prĂ©sence d'une mauvaise hygiĂšne ou d'une infection. Habituellement les germes sont dĂ©truits par le systĂšme rĂ©ticulo endothĂ©lial de l'hĂŽte en quelques minutes, mais la prĂ©sence d'une valvulopathie ou un systĂšme immunitaire dĂ©faillant (personnes ĂągĂ©es, immunodĂ©pression) favorise la fixation bactĂ©rienne. Cela concerne des pathologies aussi diverses que l'endocardite infectieuse, les maladies cardio vasculaires, les infections pulmonaires, la prĂ©maturitĂ© et l'hypotrophie, le diabĂšte, les infections prothĂ©tiques, les abcĂšs cĂ©rĂ©braux .. Depuis l'avĂšnement de cette thĂ©orie, de nombreuses lignes de conduite ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es. Une large revue de la littĂ©rature, sĂ©lectionnĂ©e en fonction du niveau de preuve scientifique, et la recherche des derniĂšres confĂ©rences de consensus vont permettre une mise Ă  jour des derniĂšres connaissances sur le sujet. L'attitude actuelle est de limiter l'antibioprophylaxie aux gestes dits Ă  risque bactĂ©riĂ©mique et aux patients susceptibles de dĂ©velopper une infection Ă  distance.ROUEN-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (765402102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
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