How voluntary actions modulate time perception

Distortions of time perception are generally explained either by variations in the rate of pacing signals of an “internal clock”, or by lag-adaptation mechanisms that recalibrate the perceived time of one event relative to another. This study compares these accounts directly for one temporal illusion: the subjective compression of the interval between voluntary actions and their effects, known as ‘intentional binding’. Participants discriminated whether two cutaneous stimuli presented after voluntary or passive movements were simultaneous or successive. In other trials, they judged the temporal interval between their movement and an ensuing tone. Temporal discrimination was impaired following voluntary movements compared to passive movements early in the action-tone interval. In a control experiment, active movements without subsequent tones produced no impairment in temporal discrimination. These results suggest that voluntary actions transiently slow down an internal clock during the action-effect interval. This in turn leads to intentional binding, and links the effects of voluntary actions to the self

George Walton's significant contribution to the Glasgow Style should challenge the prevalent bias towards Charles Rennie Mackintosh [dissertation]

Present day critics reviewing the Glasgow Style simply conclude the creator and indisputable master of the Glasgow Style was Charles Rennie Mackintosh. There was no more progressive architect or designer working in Britain. However, the acheivements of his associate George Walton can challenge this bold statement, even though historians rarely award him more than a footnote in the numerous publications listing the achievements of Mackintosh. This paper will address this bias against Walton and provide an objective analysis of his contributions to the Glasgow Style

GnRH-stimulated MEK-ERK regulation in cell populations.

<p>HeLa cells were cultured, transduced, stimulated with 0, 1 nM or 100 nM GnRH and then fixed and stained as described under <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040077#pone-0040077-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. Images of endogenous ppERK, ERK and DAPI stains were analysed (as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040077#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>), using 9 images for each fluorophore and in each well, with cells in duplicate wells for each experiment. Graphs represent population average values for ppERK intensity (in arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU), left panels) and ERK N:C ratio (derived from AFU measures of total ERK stain intensity in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments) derived from 8 (A) and 14 (B) separate experiments ± SEM. Two way ANOVAs of data in panel A revealed GnRH as a significant source of variation (P<0.01) and post-hoc Bonferroni tests revealed significant differences between control and GnRH-treated cells as indicated (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). One way ANOVA of data in panel B revealed GnRH as a significant source of variation (P<0.01) and post-hoc Bonferroni tests revealed significant differences to control as indicated (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).</p

Time-dependent changes in GnRH-induced ERK localization occur at matched levels of TEY phosphorylation.

<p>Cells were treated, imaged and analysed as described for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040077#pone-0040077-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>, except that the GnRH concentration was 100 nM. The top graph shows population average values for ppERK intensity in AFU (right y-axis) and ERK N:C ratio (left y-axis). The lower graph shows the same time-course, but comparing ERK N:C ratio (left y-axis) in cells within a comparable range (240–320 AFU) of ppERK staining intensity (right y-axis). Data are shown from 3 separate experiments (mean ± SEM). One way ANOVAs and post-hoc Bonferroni tests revealed significant effects of GnRH on ERK N:C (**P<0.01 compared to t = 0) at 5 and 15 min for the population average data (upper panel) and at 5 min for the binned data (lower panel).</p