The Role of Trendesetters in the Diffusion Process of First Cohabitations in Spain

This article identifies the stages involved in the process of diffusion of first cohabitations in Spain, taking into account: generation, period of union formation, educational level, and the birth of a child. These were essential elements for interpreting the data by using a competing risks methodology (marriage vs. cohabitation as first union choices). The results show a rapid diffusion of cohabitation as a type of first union in Spain, which began with the women who formed a union between 1980 and 1989, and followed a top-down spread

La vida de pareja de los adultos jóvenes y las dinámicas socio-demográficas de cambio en el curso de vida. Una revisión teórica para el estudio de sus trayectorias de unión y ruptura

Recently, Western countries have witnessed major changes in the transition to adulthood. Young adults are delaying the processes of emancipation and couple and family formation. In the case of couple life, phenom-ena such as cohabitation, Living Apart Together (LAT), separation and divorce, are becoming more diverse and complex, as the timing, entering and exit to or from such states normalized and its frequency increases with the advancing of the life cycle.Such levels of heterogeneity challenge the institutionalization of the life course, as individual biographies could not be considered stable and predictable. Quite the contrary, would be subject of variations that respond both to increase of agency as well as structural barriers, both influencing the construction of their own life path.So, is the main objective of this work to propose a theoretical reflection from the sociological and demographic perspectives as a basis for the empirical analysis of changes in the couple related life of young adults through the observation of their union and breakup trajectories

Natives’ and immigrants’ fertility intentions in Europe: the role of employment

In several European countries, births to immigrant women represent more than 10% of all births; however, there is evidence showing that in the aftermath of the Great Recession migrants’ fertility might have fallen more pronouncedly among migrants than natives. With this study, we aim to provide further evidence about the employment/fertility link among migrants by focusing on the relationship between employment and fertility intentions - instead of the behaviours. In fact, most research on migrant fertility has focused on childbearing behaviours, disregarding the ideational dimensions represented by attitudes and intentions, which are of primary importance to complete the picture through a better understanding of the normative side of fertility. We do this relying on data from the European Social Survey and focusing on two years, 2004 and 2010, which allows us focussing on whether and how the financial crisis started in 2008 (the so-called Great Recession) may have modified the link between employment and fertility intentions. Scrutinising the fertility intentions of migrants with different employment status across Europe, we aim to shed light on dynamics around migrants’ childbearing in the host country

L'évolution du travail des femmes en Italie : les inegalités entre les sexes et les difficultés de conciliation

Cet article étudie les déterminants de l’emploi des femmes en Italie au cours des vingt dernières années. Le but de cet article est celui d’examiner les facteurs qui ont influencé l’occupation des femmes sur le marché du travail en Italie en utilisant les données des recensements de la population de 1991 et 2001 et les données de l’It -SILC 2011, faites par l’ISTAT. En analysant les micro-données pour les trois périodes considérées on note comment les profils des femmes employées se sont modifiés soit au cours dans le temps par rapport aux non-occupées surtout pour ce qui est de l’âge, l’éducation, le nombre d’enfants et leur situation géographique. La répartition géographique reste l’un des indicateurs les plus importants là où les femmes du Nord continuent à avoir une probabilité significativement plus élevée d’être employée que dans le Centre et le Sud. Les résultats montrent que les femmes du Sud, qui sont face à un marché du travail plus difficile et un système de service quasi inexistants pour les enfants, se trouvent plus en difficulté

El divorcio como nudo biográfico. Una revisión de la literatura reciente desde la perspectiva de la vulnerabilidad post-divorcio

In this article it is proposed a new theoretical approach for the study of post-divorce that finds its conceptual basis in the context of vulnerability and its empirical basis on a review of the recent literature on the impact of divorce on its economic, health and general welfare aspects. The process of divorce is understood as a biographic knot that marks the entrance to a risky context in which the actors are forced to rethink their life project. Within the post-divorce vulnerability approach there are a certain number of factors that affects theprocess of adjusting to that situation. On one hand, there are some activating factors, which are read as signs of vulnerability and, on the other, the mediating factors that enhance or diminish the responsiveness of individuals who have experienced the breakup. The understanding of post-divorce as a process that generates vulnerability should be con-sidered as a new development and a necessary input to advance on its scientific knowledge from the socio-demographic point of view

Migración, ocupación y matrimonio: una aproximación a las relaciones de género de las parejas mixtas en España

En este artículo se analiza la condición de doble ingreso de las parejas como una manera de observar las relaciones de género en el caso particular de las uniones mixtas en el contexto de la creciente presencia de inmigrantes internacionales en España. Para ello se ha considerado simultáneamente la posición de esos hombres y mujeres inmigrantes en los mercados laboral y matrimonial. Con datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa de España para el segundo trimestre de 2007, se analizan la homogamia conyugal y las situaciones ocupacionales de los cónyuges. Las parejas se clasifican distinguiendo si ambos cónyuges están empleados o sólo uno de ellos lo está. Se aplican métodos de análisis multivariado para determinar la probabilidad de los diferentes tipos de uniones de tener uno o doble ingreso. Se realizan análisis diferenciados según la región de origen de los cónyuges inmigrantes (latinoamericanos, europeos occidentales, europeos orientales y magrebíes). En un contexto de aumento de los matrimonios mixtos y de expansión del modelo de doble ingreso en las parejas, los principales resultados revelan que en las uniones mixtas es más frecuente que los cónyuges sean mayores, y que hay una elevada heterogamia educativa; muestran asimismo que la probabilidad de un doble ingreso depende del origen de los cónyuges. Es decir, que las uniones mixtas son más o menos igualitarias en términos de género (dependiendo del sexo y el origen del cónyuge) que las uniones que los españoles están formando en la actualidad

Qualcuno volò dal nido familiare: convivenza o matrimonio? Spagna e Portogallo a confronto

In Spagna e Portogallo il matrimonio continua ad essere la forma prevalente di unione (88% di entrata in matrimonio per la Spagna e 95% per il Portogallo); anche se le generazioni di donne più giovani manifestano una maggior propensione alla convivenza rispetto alle coorti precedenti. I nati tra il 1978 e il 1985 presentano una maggiore tendenza a convivere rispetto a coloro che sono nati nella prima metà del XX secolo, più in Spagna che in Portogallo (23,9% vs 20,2%).Si noti che la convivenza, confrontata con il matrimonio quale prima unione, differisce significativamente tra i due Paesi, con una più ampia e anticipata diffusione in Spagna. La fonte di dati utilizzata permette di confrontare le differenze tra convivenza e matrimonio attraverso la loro relazione con altri eventi del corso di vita quali: l’età media all’unione, l’attività lavorativa, l’emancipazione dal nucleo familiare e la presenza di figli

Argument and verb meaning clustering from expression forms in LSE

Languages use predicates and arguments to express events and event participants. In order to establish generalizations concerning the variety languages show regarding the strategies for discerning some arguments from the others, the concept of roles—and, particularly, macroroles, mesoroles, and microroles—associated with participants provides a widely studied starting point. In this article, the formal properties in the arguments of a set of 14 verb meanings in Spanish Sign Language have been analyzed. Arguments have been studied by considering their microroles, and a quantitative method for measuring distances from a plurality of properties has been adopted. The novelty of this analysis is that it focuses on how arguments group in terms of these properties. Subsequently, some generalizations justifying why some verb meanings have a tendency to associate with certain forms of argument expression are highlighted in this study.Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda | Ref. FFI2013-41929-PMinisterio de Economía y Hacienda | Ref. FFI2016-78194-PXunta de Galicia | Ref. R2014 /007Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED341D R2016/011Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GPC2014/07

Impact of house dust mite-driven asthma on children's school performance and activity

Absenteeism; Allergic asthma; Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapyAbsentisme; Asma al·lèrgica; Immunoteràpia subcutània amb al·lèrgensAbsentismo; Asma alérgica; Inmunoterapia subcutánea con alérgenosEvidence regarding asthma's impact on children's daily lives is limited. This prospective and cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study assessed school/work and activity impairment in children and adolescents with allergic asthma and their caregivers and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) effects. Included patients were schooled children and adolescents (5 to 17 years) with allergic asthma due to house dust mites (HDM). Impairment of school/work (i.e., absenteeism and presenteeism) and activity was measured in patients and their caregivers using the Work Productivity Impairment Questionnaire plus Classroom Impairment Questions: Allergy Specific (WPAI + CIQ:AS). HDM allergic patients with school impairment received subcutaneous AIT with a MicroCrystalline Tyrosine-associated allergoid. WPAI + CIQ:AS and effectiveness variables were compared between baseline and 1-year post-AIT. Of the 113 patients included, 59 (52.2%) and 51 (45.1%) showed school and activity impairment, respectively, missing a mean (SD) of 37.6 (24.4) % and 42.6 (25.6) % of school and activity time, respectively. Twenty-six (23%) caregivers reported activity impairment and, of the 79 (69.9%) employed, 30 (38%) reported work impairment. Of the 65 patients with school/activities impairment, 41 (63.1%) received AIT, of which 21 (51.2%) completed 1 year of treatment. Effectiveness variables and WPAI + CIQ:AS significantly improved: Mean (SD) school impairment decreased from 39.7 (26.7) to 2.1 (7.1) % (p < 0.001) and activity impairment from 46.2 (34.6) to 1.4 (3.6) % (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Allergic asthma due to HDMs results in school/work and activity impairment in children and adolescents and their caregivers. One year of AIT provided clinical benefits and reduced school and activity impairment. What is known: • Allergic asthma impairs children's school performance and daily activities. • Allergen immunotherapy modifies allergic disease course and ameliorates its symptoms. What is new: • Asthma symptoms due to allergy to house dust mites impair children's school attendance and productivity and daily activity and their caregivers' work performance and daily lives. • Allergen immunotherapy with a house dust mite MicroCrystalline Tyrosine (MCT)-associated allergoid seems to provide clinical benefits, associated with decreased school and activity impairment, supporting it as an effective treatment option

Tuning the electronic environment of cations and anions using ionic liquid mixtures

Electrostatic interactions are ubiquitous in ionic liquids and therefore, the electronic environment (i.e. the distribution of electron density) of their constituent ions has a determining influence on their properties and applications. Moreover, the distribution of electron density on atoms is at the core of ionic liquid molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we demonstrate that changing the composition of ionic liquid mixtures can tune the electronic environment of their constituent ions, both anions and cations. The electronic environment of these ions can be monitored by measuring the characteristic electron binding energies of their constituent atoms by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The possibility to fine tune, in a controlled way, the electronic environment of specific ions provides an invaluable tool to understand ionic liquid properties and allows the design of ionic liquid mixtures towards specific applications. Here, we demonstrate the power of this tool by tuning the electronic environment of a catalytic centre, and consequently its catalytic activity, by the use of ionic liquid mixtures