Radiological Determination Of Cranial Size And Index By Measurement Of Skull Diameters In A Population Of Children In Brazil [determinação Radiológica Do índice E Do Tamanho Craniano Por Mensuração Dos Diâmetros Cranianos Em Uma População Infantil Brasileira]

OBJECTIVE: To measure radiologically obtained skull diameters and, based on these data, calculating the cranial index and size to compare with diameter measurements and indices reported in the literature, particularly those reported by Haas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study evaluated 732 individuals with no cranial disease, whose skull diameters were measured, Subsequently, the authors calculated the cranial index and size which demonstrate the different phases of the skull growth by inner-table to inner-table measurements. RESULTS: The comparative study of diameters averages by inner-table measurements has demonstrated a clearly progressive skull growth in the first year of life for both genders, and a slower growth as from the second year. Overall diameters averages did not present any significant difference between male and female individuals. CONCLUSION: Cranial index and size are good skull growth indicators, especially in the first four years of life, a period characterized by an accelerated growth in the first year and a moderate growth until the fourth year. After this age, a slight and stable growth occurs with a decrease in the statistical value. No statistically significant difference was found for both genders. It is recommended that mean diameters are utilized for both genders; and it is suggested that the cranial index is utilized until four years of age, and the cranial size after the age of four, as the ideal parameter for following up the skull growth. © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem.414229234MacKinnon, I.L., Kennedy, J.A., Davis, T.V., The estimation of the skull capacity from roentgenologic measurements (1956) Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 76, pp. 303-310Taveras JM, Wood EH. Cráneo. In: Taveras JM, Wood EH, editores. Diagnóstico neuroradiológico. Buenos Aires: Editora Panamericana1968. p. 146-7Gordon, I.R.S., Measurement of cranial capacity in children (1966) Br J Radiol, 39, pp. 377-381Cronqvist, S., Roentgenologic evaluation of cranial size in children (1968) Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh), 7, pp. 97-111Austin, J.H., Gooding, C.A., Roentgenographic measurement of skull size in children (1971) Radiology, 99, pp. 641-646Gooding, C.A., Skull vault: Size and shape (1971) Radiology of the skull and brain, pp. 61-93. , Newton TH, Potts DG, editors, St. Louis: CV Mosby;Haas, L.L., Roentgenological skull measurements and their diagnostic applications (1952) Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 67, pp. 197-209Meredith, H.V., Growth in head width during the first twelve years of life (1953) Pediatrics, 12, pp. 411-429Swischuk, L.E., (2006) Radiologia do recém-nascido do lactente e da criança pequena, , Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan;Moss, M.L., Greenberg, S.N., Postnatal growth of the human skull base (1955) Angle Orthodontist, 25, pp. 77-84Shapiro, R., Janzen, A.H., The normal skull (1960) A roentgen study, , New York: Paul B. Hoeber;Sullivan, P.G., A method for the study of jaw growth using a computer-based three-dimensional recording technique (1972) J Anat, 112 (PART 3), pp. 457-470Watson, E.H., Lowrey, G.H., (1967) Growth and development of children, , ChicagoYear Book Medical Publisher;Tanner, J.M., Some notes on the reporting of growth data (1951) Hum Biol, 23, pp. 93-159Moss, M.L., Vertical growth of the human face (1964) Am J Orthodontics, 50, pp. 359-376Dorst, J.P., Functional craniology: An aid in interpreting roentgenograms of the skull (1964) Radiol Clin North Am, 2, pp. 347-366Momose, K.J., Developmental approach in the analysis of roentgenograms of the pediatric skull (1971) Radiol Clin North Am, 9, pp. 99-11

Estudo Comparativo Entre Ultrassonografia Duplex E Angiotomografia No Acompanhamento Pós-operatório Da Correção Endovascular De Aneurismas Do Eixo Aortoilíaco

To compare duplex ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) angiography in terms of their performance in detecting endoleaks, as well as in determining the diameter of the aneurysm sac, in the postoperative follow-up of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study involving 30 patients who had undergone endovascular repair of infrarenal aortoiliac aneurysms. Duplex ultrasound and CT angiography were performed simultaneously by independent radiologists. Measurements of the aneurysm sac diameter were assessed, and the presence or absence of endoleaks was determined. Results: The average diameter of the aneurysm sac, as determined by duplex ultrasound and CT angiography was 6.09 ± 1.95 and 6.27 ± 2.16 cm, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showing a statistically significant correlation (R = 0.88; p < 0.01). Comparing the duplex ultrasound and CT angiography results regarding the detection of endoleaks, we found that the former had a negative predictive value of 92.59% and a specificity of 96.15%. Conclusion: Our results show that there is little variation between the two methods evaluated, and that the choice between the two would have no significant effect on clinical management. Duplex ultrasound could replace CT angiography in the postoperative follow-up of endovascular aneurysm repair of the infrarenal aorta, because it is a low-cost procedure without the potential clinical complications related to the use of iodinated contrast and exposure to radiation. © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem.49422923

Relevant Radiological Findings For The Diagnosis Of Necrotizing Enterocolitis And Their Complications [aspectos Radiológicos Relevantes No Diagnóstico Da Enterocolite Necrosante E Suas Complicações]

Necrotizing enterocolitis is one of the most frequent and severe gastrointestinal emergencies occurring in the neonatal period. Once necrotizing enterocolitis is suspected a simple abdominal x-ray is a routine examination and this film will play an essential role in the diagnosis of the disease and the follow-up care of the patient, as well as in the detection of complications. In the present study we reviewed the pertinent literature and described the radiological findings, illustrated with cases from our institution. We concluded that the radiological diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis done at all stages contributes for an immediate therapeutic management, reducing the complications and improving the patient's survival.402127130Kosloske, A.M., Musemeche, A., Necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate (1989) Clin Perinatol, 16, pp. 97-111Buonomo, C., The radiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (1999) Radiol Clin North Am, 37, pp. 1187-1198Ostlie, D.J., Spilde, T.L., St Peter, S.D., Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term infants (2003) J Pediatr Surg, 38, pp. 1039-1042Kanto Jr, W.P., Hunter, J.E., Stoll, B.J., Recognition and medical management of necrotizing enterocolitis (1994) Clin Perinatol, 21, pp. 335-346Daneman, A., Woodward, S., da Silva, M., The radiology of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A review of 47 cases and the literature (1978) Pediatr Radiol, 7, pp. 70-77Morrison, S.C., Jacobson, J.M., The radiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (1994) Clin Perinatol, 21, pp. 347-363Edwards, D.K., Size of gas-filled bowel loops in infants (1980) AJR Am J Roentgenol, 135, pp. 331-334Jaile, J.C., Levin, T., Wung, J.T., Abramson, S.J., Ruzal-Shapiro, C., Berdon, W.E., Benign gaseous distention of the bowel in premature infants treated with nasal continuous airway pressure: A study of contributing factors (1992) AJR Am J Roentgenol, 158, pp. 125-127Wexler, H., The persistent loop sign in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A new indication for surgical intervention? (1978) Pediatr Radiol, 126, pp. 201-204Leonard Jr, T., Johnson, J.F., Pettett, P.G., Critical evaluation of the persistent loop sign in necrotizing enterocolitis (1982) Radiology, 142, pp. 385-386Swischuk, L.E., Alimentary tract (2004) Imaging of the newborn, infant, and young child, pp. 341-589. , Swischuk LE, editor, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & WilkinsHeng, Y., Schuffler, M.D., Haggitt, R.C., Rohrmann, C.A., Pneumatosis intestinalis: A review (1995) Am J Gastroenterol, 90, pp. 1747-1758Pear, B.L., Pneumatosis intestinalis: A review (1998) Radiology, 207, pp. 13-19Molik, K.A., West, K.W., Rescorla, F.J., Scherer, L.R., Engum, S.A., Grosfeld, J.L., Portal venous air: The poor prognosis persists (2001) J Pediatr Surg, 36, pp. 1143-1145Briski, L.E., Von Berg, V., Humes, J.J., Necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn (1982) Ann Clin Lab Sci, 12, pp. 186-193Gyll, C., The abdomen (1994) Manual of neonatal emergency x-ray interpretation, pp. 152-237. , Meerstadt PWD, Gyll C, editors, London: SaundersVirgee JP, Gill JG, Desa D, Somers S, Stevenson GW. Stricures and other late complications of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Radiol 1979;30:25-31Kao, S.C.S., Smith, W.L., Franken Jr, E.A., Sato, Y., Sullivan, J.H., McGee, J.A., Contrast enema diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (1992) Pediatr Radiol, 22, pp. 115-11

Pulmonary Atelectasis In Newborn Infants: Etiology And Radiological Aspects [atelectasia Pulmonar Em Recém-nascidos: Etiologia E Aspectos Radiológicos]

Aims: To describe the main risk factors and the radiological findings of pulmonary atelectasis in newborns. Source of data: A literature review was conducted for the period of 2010/2011, through books and articles published over the past 30 years, obtained from the databases PubMed, SciELO and BIREME, using the descriptors: pulmonary atelectasis, diagnosis, infant, neonate, newborn. Summary of findings: Radiological signs of pulmonary atelectasis are related to volume loss, with fissural, hilar and mediastinal displacement, and diaphragmatic elevation toward the affected lung lobe or segment. The ribs of the affected hemithorax may have diminished spaces. Compensatory hyperinflation of the lung is present and the collapsed portions show increased radiopacity, with a triangular shape in at least one of radiographic projections. In newborn infants, the main etiological factors are mechanical ventilation with positive pressure, pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pleural effusion and pneumothorax. Conclusions: Presence of pulmonary atelectasis is an important complication in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Radiology has an important role in the diagnosis and management of these patients.2214352Tuddenham, W.J., Glossary of terms for thoracic radiology: recommendations of the nomenclature vommittee of the Fleischner Society (1984) AJR Am Roentgenol, 143, pp. 509-517. , SeptCaffey, J., (2004) Caffey's pediatric diagnostic imaging, pp. 950-955. , 10th ed., Philadelphia: MosbyPeroni, D.G., Boner, A.L., Atelectasis: mechanisms, diagnosis and management (2000) Paediatr Respir Rev, 1, pp. 274-278Carvalho, W.B., Johnston, C., Atelectasias em pediatria: mecanismos, diagnóstico e tratamento (2008) Rev Assoc Med Bras, 54, pp. 455-460Field, D., Alternative strategies for management of respiratory failure in the newborn (2002) Clinical realities. Semin Neonatol., 7, pp. 429-436Odita, J.C., Kayyali, M.A.A., Post-extubation atelectasis in ventilated newborn infants (1993) Pediatr Radiol, 23, pp. 183-185Ozlem, T., Gulsev, K., The effects of surfactant and antenatal corticosteroid treatment on the pulmonary pathology of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (2009) Pathol Res and Pract, 205, pp. 35-41Hermansen, C.L., Lorah, K.N., Respiratory distress in the newborn (2007) American Family Physician, 76, pp. 987-994Speer, C.P., Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: an inflammatory disease? (2011) Neonatology, 99, pp. 316-319Aly, H., Respiratory disorders in the newborn: identification and diagnosis (2004) Pediatr Rev, 25, pp. 201-208Donn, S.M., Sinha, S.K., Invasive and noninvasive neonatal mechanical ventilation (2003) Respir Care, 48, pp. 426-441Bloomfield, F.H., Teele, R.L., Voss, M., Harding. Inter- and intra-observer variability in the assessment of atelectasis and consolidation in neonatal chest radiographs (1999) Pediatr Radiol, 29, pp. 459-462Tamaki, Y., Pandit, R., Gooding, C.A., Neonatal atypical peripheral atelectasis (1994) Pediatr Radiol, 24, pp. 589-591Khan, N., Brown, A., Venkataraman, S.T., Predictors of extubation success and failure in mechanically ventilated infants and children (1996) Crit Care Med, 24, pp. 1568-1579Locus, P., Yeomans, E., Crosby, U., Efficacy of bulb versus DeLee suction at deliveries complicated by meconium stained amniotic fluid (1990) Am J Perinatol, 7, pp. 87-91Rode, H., Millar, A.J.W., Stunden, R.J., Selective bronchial intubation for acute post-operative atelectasis in neonates and infants (1988) Pediatr Radiol, 18, pp. 494-496Kavvadia, V., Greenough, A., Dimitriou, G., Prediction of extubation failure in preterm neonates (2000) Eur J Pediatr, 159, pp. 227-231Meade, M., Guyatt, G., Cook, D., Predicting success in weaning from mechanical ventilation (2001) Chest, 120, pp. 400S-424SAlaiyan, A.A., Dyer, D., Khan, B., Chest physiotherapy and post-extubation atelectasis in infants (1996) Pediatr Pulmonol, 21, pp. 227-230Davies, M.W., Cartwright, D.W., Postextubation chest X-rays in neonates: a routine no longer necessary (1988) J Paediatr Child Health, 34, pp. 147-150Dimitriou, G., Greenough, A., Computer assisted analysis of the chest radiograph lung area and prediction of failure of extubation from mechanical ventilation in preterm neonates (2000) Br J Radiol, 73, pp. 156-159Dimitriou, G., Greenough, A., Kavvadia, V., A radiograph method for assessing lung area in neonates (1999) Br J Radiol, 72, pp. 335-338Mueller, M., Wagner, C.L., Annibale, D., Parameter selection for and implementation of a web-based decision-support tool to predict extubation outcome in premature infants (2006) BMC Med inform Decis Mak, 1, pp. 6-11Demont, B., Vinçon, C., Cambas, C.H., Chest physiotherapy using the expiratory flow increase procedure in ventilated newborns: a pilot study (2007) Physiotherapy, 93, pp. 12-16Demont, B., Vinçon, C., Bailleux, S., Effets de la technique d'augmentation du flux expiratoire sur la résistance du système et la SaO2, du prématuré à l'enfant à terme (1999) Ann Kinésithér, 26, pp. 227-231Thayyil, S., Nagakumar, P., Gowers, H., Optimal endotracheal tube tip position in extremely premature infants (2008) Am J Perinatol, 25, pp. 13-16Peterson, J., Deakins, K., Wilson-Costello, D., Accuracy of the 7-8-9 rule for endotracheal tube placement in the neonate (2006) J Perinatol, 26, pp. 333-336Bagley, C.E., Gray, P.H., Tudehopeet, D.I., Routine neonatal postextubation chest physiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial (2005) J. Paediatr. Child Health., 41, pp. 592-597Schechter, M.S., Airway clearance applications in infants and children (2007) Respir Care, 52, pp. 1382-1391Antunes, L.C.O., Silva, E.G., Bocardo, P., Efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória convencional versus aumento do fluxo expiratório na saturação de O2, frequência cardíaca e frequência respiratória, em prematuros no período pós-extubação (2006) Rev. Bras. Fisioter., 10, pp. 97-103Zaidi, A.K.M., Ganatra, H.A., Syed, S., Effect of case management on neonatal mortality due to sepsis and pneumonia (2011) BMC Public Health, 11, pp. 1-15Giannantonio, C., Papacci, P., Ciarniello, R., Chest physiotherapy in preterm infants with lung diseases (2010) Ital J Pediatr, 36, pp. 1-5Tripathi, S., Saili, A., Dutta, R., Inflammatory markers in meconium induced lung injury in neonates and effect of steroids on their levels: a randomized controlled trial (2007) Indian J Med Microbiol, 25, pp. 103-107Stenson, B.J., Jackson, A.D., Management of meconium aspiration syndrome (2008) Paediatr Child Health, 19, pp. 174-177Cayabyab, R.G., Lung inflammation and pulmonary function in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (2007) Pediatr Pulmonol, 42, pp. 898-905Djemal, N., Ben Ammar, H., Masmoudi, K., Fonction respiratoire des enfants ayant des antécédents d'inhalation méconiale (2007) Arch Pediatr, 30, pp. 1-6Wiswell, T.E., Gannon, C.M., Jacob, J., Delivery Room Management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter, international collaborative trial (2000) Pediatrics, 105, pp. 1-7Lam, C.C., Yeung, C.Y., Surfactant lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome: a pilot study (1999) Pediatrics, 103, pp. 1014-1018Espinheira, M.C., Grilo, M., Rocha, G., Meconium aspiration syndrome - the experience of a tertiary center (2011) Rev Port Pneumol, 17, pp. 71-76Ewer, A.K., James, M.E., Tobin, J.M., Prone and left lateral positioning reduce gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm infants (1999) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal, 81, pp. 201-205Corvaglia, L., Rotatori, R., Ferlini, M., The effect of body positioning on gastroesophageal reflux in premature infants: evaluation by combined impedance and pH monitoring (2007) J Pediatr, 151, pp. 591-596Barish, C.F., Wu, W.C., Castell, D.O., Respiratory complications of gastroesophageal reflux (1985) Arch Inter Med, 145, pp. 1882-1888Allen, C.J., Newhose, M.T., Gastroesophageal reflux and chronic respiratory disease (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis, 129, pp. 645-647Bines, J.E., Quinlan, J.E., Treves, S., Eficacy of domperidone in infants and children with gastroesophageal reflux (1992) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14, pp. 400-405Van Wijk, M.P., Benninga, M.A., Dent, J., Effect of body position changes on postprandial gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in the healthy premature neonate (2007) J Pediatr, 151, pp. 585-590Guimarães, E.V., Marguet, C., Camargos, P.A.M., Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (2006) J Pediatr (Rio J), 82, pp. S133-S145Ribeiro, M.A., Cunha, M.L., Etchebehere, E.C., Efeito da cisaprida e da fisioterapia respiratória sobre o refluxo gastroesofágico de lactentes chiadores segundo avaliação cintilográfica (2001) J Pediatr (Rio J), 77, pp. 393-400Norton, R.C., Penna, F.J., Refluxo gastroesofágico (2000) J Pediatr (Rio J), 76, pp. S218-S224Jobe, A.H., Bancalari, E., Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163, pp. 1723-1729Bancalari, E., Claure, N., Sosenko, I.R., Brochopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition (2003) Semin Neonatol, 8, pp. 63-71Coalson, J.J., Pathology of new bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2003) Semin Neonatol, 8, pp. 73-81Bancalari, E., Changes in the pathogenesis and prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity (2001) Am J Perinatol, 18, pp. 1-9Bancalari, E., Abdenour, G., Feller, R., Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical presentation (1979) J Pediatr, 95, pp. 819-823Robin, B., Kim, Y., Huth, J., Pulmonary function in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2004) Pediatr Pulmonol, 37, pp. 236-242Hansen, T.W., Wallach, M., Dey, A.N., Prognostic value of clinical and radiologic status on day 28 of life for subsequent course in very low birthweight (<1500 g) babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1993) Pediatr Pulmonol, 15, pp. 327-331Stevens, T.P., Chess, P.R., McConnochie, K.M., Survival in early- and late-term infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2002) Pediatrics, 110, pp. 590-596Yamamoto, M., Ville, Y., Fetal lung assessment in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: evidence for growth (2010) Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 35, pp. 522-524Kinane, T.B., Lung development and implications for hypoplasia found in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (2007) Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 145 C, pp. 117-124Andrade Filho, L.O., Campos, J.R., Haddad, R., Pneumotórax (2006) J Bras Pneumol, pp. S212-S216Van den Boom, J., Battin, M., Chest radiographs after removal of chest drains in neonates: clinical benefit or common practice? 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Administration Of A Murine Diet Supplemented With Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases The Expression And Activity Of Hepatic Uncoupling Proteins

Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to reduce body fat accumulation and to increase body metabolism; this latter effect has been often associated with the up-regulation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Here we addressed the effects of a CLA-supplemented murine diet (∼2 % CLA mixture, cis-9, trans-10 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers; 45 % of each isomer on alternating days) on mitochondrial energetics, UCP2 expression/activity in the liver and other associated morphological and functional parameters, in C57BL/6 mice. Diet supplementation with CLA reduced both lipid accumulation in adipose tissues and triacylglycerol plasma levels, but did not augment hepatic lipid storage. Livers of mice fed a diet supplemented with CLA showed high UCP2 mRNA levels and the isolated hepatic mitochondria showed indications of UCP activity: in the presence of guanosine diphosphate, the higher stimulation of respiration promoted by linoleic acid in mitochondria from the CLA mice was almost completely reduced to the level of the stimulation from the control mice. Despite the increased generation of reactive oxygen species through oxi-reduction reactions involving NAD+/NADH in the Krebs cycle, no oxidative stress was observed in the liver. In addition, in the absence of free fatty acids, basal respiration rates and the phosphorylating efficiency of mitochondria were preserved. These results indicate a beneficial and secure dose of CLA for diet supplementation in mice, which induces UCP2 overexpression and UCP activity in mitochondria while preserving the lipid composition and redox state of the liver. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.445587596Alberici, L.C., Oliveira, H.C., Patrício, P.R., Kowaltowski, A.J., Vercesi, A.E., Hyperlipidemic mice present enhanced catabolism and higher mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+channel activity (2006) Gastroenterology, 131, pp. 1228-1234Alberici, R.M., Simas, R.C., Sanvido, G.B., Romão, W., Lalli, P.M., Benassi, M., Ambient mass spectrometry: Bringing MS into the real world (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem, 398, pp. 265-294Alberici, L.C., Oliveira, H.C., Catharino, R.R., Vercesi, A.E., Eberlin, M.N., Alberici, R.M., Distinct hepatic lipid profile of hypertriglyceridemic mice determined by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem, 401, pp. 1651-1659Azain, M.J., Hausman, D.B., Sisk, M.B., Flatt, W.P., Jewell, D.E., Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number (2000) J Nutr, 130, pp. 1548-1554Banni, S., Carta, G., Angioni, E., Murru, E., Scanu, P., Melis, M.P., Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites in different lipid fractions in the rat liver (2001) J Lipid Res, 42, pp. 1056-1061Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification (1959) Can J Biochem Physiol, 37, pp. 911-917Buege, J.A., Aust, S.D., Microsomal lipid peroxidation (1978) Methods Enzymol, 52, pp. 302-310Cherian, G., Holsonbake, T.B., Goeger, M.P., Bildfell, R., Dietary CLA alters yolk and tissue FA composition and hepatic histopathology of laying hens (2002) Lipids, 37, pp. 751-757Choi, J.S., Koh, I.U., Jung, M.H., Song, J., Effects of three different conjugated linoleic acid preparations on insulin signalling, fat oxidation and mitochondrial function in rats fed a high-fat diet (2007) Br J Nutr, 98, pp. 264-275DeLany, J.P., West, D.B., Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid (2000) J Am Coll Nutr, 19, pp. 487S-493SEaley, K.N., El-Sohemy, A., Archer, M.C., Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of uncoupling proteins in mice and rats (2002) Lipids, 37, pp. 853-861Echtay, K.S., Murphy, M.P., Smith, R.A., Talbot, D.A., Brand, M.D., Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 from the matrix side. Studies using targeted antioxidants (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, pp. 47129-47135Echtay, K.S., Roussel, D., St-Pierre, J., Jekabsons, M.B., Cadenas, S., Stuart, J.A., Harper, J.A., Brand, M.D., Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (2002) Nature, 415, pp. 96-99Fruchart, J.C., Duriez, P., Staels, B., Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-alpha activators regulate genes governing lipoprotein metabolism, vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis (1999) Curr Opin Lipidol, 10, pp. 245-257Garcia-Ruiz, C., Colell, A., Mari, M., Morales, A., Fernandez-Checa, J.C., Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. Role of mitochondrial glutathione (1997) J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 11369-11377Garlid, K.D., Jabůrek, M., Jezek, P., Varecha, M., How do uncoupling proteins uncouple? (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1459, pp. 383-389Gavino, V.C., Gavino, G., Leblanc, M.J., Tuchweber, B., An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters (2000) J Nutr, 130, pp. 27-29Gholam, P.M., Flancbaum, L., Machan, J.T., Charney, D.A., Kotler, D.P., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects (2007) Am J Gastroenterol, 102, pp. 399-408Griinari, J.M., Corl, B.A., Lacy, S.H., Chouinard, P.Y., Nurmela, K.V., Bauman, D.E., Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta (9)-desaturase (2000) J Nutr, 130, pp. 2285-2291Haddad, R., Sparrapan, R., Eberlin, M.N., Desorption sonic spray ionization for (high) voltage-free ambient mass spectrometry (2006) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 20, pp. 2901-2905Haddad, R., Sparrapan, R., Kotiaho, T., Eberlin, M.N., Easy ambient sonic-spray ionization-membrane interface mass spectrometry for direct 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