Patterns of Parental Rearing Styles and Child Behaviour Problems among Portuguese School-Aged Children

The majority of studies investigating the effects of parental behaviour on the child’s adjustment have a dimensional approach. We identified the existence of various patterns in parental rearing styles and analysed the relationship between different parenting patterns and behavioural problems in a group of school-aged children. A longitudinal, multi-informant study was conducted. The sample consisted of 519 school-aged children from the Portuguese general population. Parental rearing styles were measured using the EMBU-C, a questionnaire that evaluates children’s perception of parental rearing dimensions. The assessment of child behavioural problems included the evaluation of internalizing and externalizing problems, and data from multiple reporters (parents and teacher). One year later, after a school transition, the adjustment of a sub-sample of 220 children was evaluated again. Cluster analysis identified four types of parental rearing styles: low support, supportive-controller, rejecting-controller, and supportive. In both assessment periods, low support and rejecting-controller parenting patterns showed higher levels of behavioural problems than the supportive and supportive-controller parenting patterns. These patterns show significant differences between them regarding behavioural problems and have a higher predictive value regarding externalizing problems (versus internalizing problems)

Examining the Links Between Perceived Impact of Pregnancy, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life During Adolescent Pregnancy: The Buffering Role of Social Support

The aims of the current study were to examine the indirect effect of the perceived impact of pregnancy on quality of life (QoL) through the severity of depressive symptoms among a sample of pregnant adolescents, and to explore whether adolescents’ satisfaction with support from their mothers (SM) or partners (SP) was a buffer of this effect. Demographic and pregnancy-related data were collected for 395 pregnant adolescents age 12–19 and were controlled for testing the proposed indirect effect. SM and SP were tested as moderators of the links between perceived impact of pregnancy and depressive symptoms and between depressive symptoms and QoL. A computational tool for path analysis-based moderation and mediation analysis as well as their combination was used to test indirect and interaction effects (PROCESS). A significant indirect effect of the perceived impact of pregnancy on QoL through the severity of depressive symptoms was found (0.51, CI = 0.29/0.78). There was no significant direct effect of the perceived impact of pregnancy on QoL after controlling for the severity of depressive symptoms. SM and SP buffered the indirect effect by weakening the association between a negative perception of the impact of pregnancy and higher severity of depressive symptoms. Identifying adolescents with a negative perception of the impact of pregnancy, improving the quality of their relations with their mothers and partners, and promoting satisfactory support from these figures may be extremely important to prevent and treat depressive symptoms and, in so doing, improve adolescents’ QoL during pregnancy

Path generation, control, and monitoring

A critical issue in additive manufacturing (AM) is the control of the printer actuators such that the deposition of material (or a few different materials) takes place in an organized way. Typically, the actuators are connected with a low-level controller that can receive computer numerical control (CNC) instruction. A 3D printer controller is, usually, expected to receive a set of CNC instructions in a format called G-Code, where a set of control instructions is provided. These instructions include the necessary settings for the printer to work (e.g., a temperature setup) and printer head movement instructions (e.g., the x-, y-, and z-positions in reference axes). The set of the printer actuators positions, where some operations take place, is called the printer path. Path planning or generation corresponds to the computation of the printer head trajectory during a period of time where the object is to be built. A five-degree of freedom/5-axis 3D printer that considers a hybrid process based on additive manufacturing of composites with long or short fibers reinforced thermoplastic matrix is being addressed in this book. The 5-axis printer considers the three usual degrees of freedom plus two additional degrees of freedom, located at the printer table. While software for 3D printing is still possible to be used, full advantage of the printer potential demands for new path generation strategies. We start in Sect. 6.1 by introducing the reader to the optimal orientation of objects, where object orientation is optimal w.r.t. some objective functions that measure the printing performance. Since we are majorly interested in a 5-axis printer control, we present a printer emulator in Sect. 6.2, which allows us to monitor the printing process. Path generation is addressed in Sect. 6.3. We aim to provide flat and curved path planning to take advantage on the 5-axis printer, and in Sect. 6.4, we provide a strategy to print complex objects. The proposed approach for path planning can also be used for inspecting the printed objects by a non-destructive test, and we introduce this topic in Sect. 6.5.(undefined

Automedicação na adolescência: um desafio para a educação em saúde Self-medication in adolescence: a challenge to health education

O estudo visa analisar o conhecimento dos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas do município de Fortaleza (CE) sobre o uso de medicamentos e suas implicações para a saúde. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com 722 adolescentes matriculados em dez escolas do município de Fortaleza. Levantou-se, por meio de um questionário, aspectos relativos ao consumo, indicação e orientação de medicamentos e a influência da mídia. Relataram uso de medicamentos, nos últimos sessenta dias, 72,0% dos participantes, sendo os analgésicos os mais citados (65,4%). Os responsáveis pelas indicações foram familiares (51,2%) e médicos (33,1%), sendo a automedicação relatada por 20,8% dos estudantes. Não receberam orientações sobre o uso correto de medicamentos 70,9% dos alunos. Do total, 34,1% revelaram já terem sido influenciados por meios de comunicação na compra de medicamentos. É possível concluir que o conhecimento dos adolescentes sobre medicamentos e suas implicações na saúde é bastante incipiente e desprovido de qualquer noção básica sobre o uso racional deles. Além disso, os estudantes da rede pública são mais orientados sobre o uso correto de medicamentos, por parte dos profissionais do sistema público de saúde, o que demonstra a eficiência do sistema como promotor de saúde da população matriculada em escolas públicas de Fortaleza.<br>The study aims to examine the knowledge of students of public and private schools in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil on the use of medicine and their health implications. It is a descriptive study of 722 adolescents enrolled in ten schools in the city of Fortaleza. He got up aspects of consumption, indication and guidance medicine and influence of the media using a questionnaire. Seventy two percent of the participants reported use of medicine the last 60 days, and painkillers were the most cited (65.4%). The indications were responsible for the family (51.2%) and physicians (33.1%), and the self-medication by 20.8% of the students. Regarding the use of medicine 70.9% of the students were not instructed on the proper use of the medicine. Of the total, 34.1% had already been influenced by media in the purchase of medicine. It's possible to conclude that teenagers' knowledge about medicine and its implications on health is very weak and devoid of any basic notion of the rational use of medicine. In addition, public school students are more oriented on the proper use of medicines by professionals in the public health system, which demonstrates the efficiency of the promoter of health of the population enrolled in public schools in Fortaleza