Endothelial and Non-Endothelial Coronary Blood Flow Reserve and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Systemic Hypertension

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impairment of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent coronary blood flow reserve after administration of intracoronary acetylcholine and adenosine, and its association with hypertensive cardiac disease. INTRODUCTION: Coronary blood flow reserve reduction has been proposed as a mechanism for the progression of compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Eighteen hypertensive patients with normal epicardial coronary arteries on angiography were divided into two groups according to left ventricular fractional shortening (FS). Group 1 (FS >0.25): n=8, FS=0.29 ± 0.03; Group 2 (FS <0.25): n=10, FS= 0.17 ± 0.03. RESULTS: Baseline coronary blood flow was similar in both groups (Group 1: 80.15 ± 26.41 mL/min, Group 2: 100.09 ± 21.51 mL/min, p=NS). In response to adenosine, coronary blood flow increased to 265.1 ± 100.2 mL/min in Group 1 and to 300.8 ± 113.6 mL/min (p <0.05) in Group 2. Endothelium-independent coronary blood flow reserve was similar in both groups (Group 1: 3.31 ± 0.68 and Group 2: 2.97 ± 0.80, p=NS). In response to acetylcholine, coronary blood flow increased to 156.08 ± 36.79 mL/min in Group 1 and to 177.8 ± 83.6 mL/min in Group 2 (p <0.05). Endothelium-dependent coronary blood flow reserve was similar in the two groups (Group 1: 2.08 ± 0.74 and group Group 2: 1.76 ± 0.61, p=NS). Peak acetylcholine/peak adenosine coronary blood flow response (Group 1: 0.65 ± 0.27 and Group 2: 0.60 ± 0.17) and minimal coronary vascular resistance (Group 1: 0.48 ± 0.21 mmHg/mL/min and Group 2: 0.34 ± 0.12 mmHg/mL/min) were similar in both groups (p= NS). Casual diastolic blood pressure and end-systolic left ventricular stress were independently associated with FS. CONCLUSIONS: In our hypertensive patients, endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent coronary blood flow reserve vasodilator administrations had similar effects in patients with either normal or decreased left ventricular systolic function

Effects of single low dose of dexamethasone before noncardiac and nonneurologic surgery and general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction : a phase III double blind, randomized clinical trial

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a multifactorial adverse event most frequently in elderly patients. This study evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on POCD incidence after noncardiac and nonneurologic surgery. METHODS: One hundred and forty patients (ASA I-II; age 60–87 years) took part in a prospective phase III, double blind, randomized study involving the administration or not of 8 mg of IV dexamethasone before general anesthesia under bispectral index (BIS) between 35–45 or 46–55. Neuropsychological tests were applied preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 21st, 90th and 180th days after surgery and compared with normative data. S100β was evaluated before and 12 hours after induction of anesthesia. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) method was applied, followed by the posthoc Bonferroni test considering P<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: On the 3rd postoperative day, POCD was diagnosed in 25.2% and 15.3% of patients receiving dexamethasone, BIS 35–45, and BIS 46–55 groups, respectively. Meanwhile, POCD was present in 68.2% and 27.2% of patients without dexamethasone, BIS 35–45 and BIS 46–55 groups (p<0.0001). Neuropsychological tests showed that dexamethasone associated to BIS 46–55 decreased the incidence of POCD, especially memory and executive function. The administration of dexamethasone might have prevented the postoperative increase in S100β serum levels. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone can reduce the incidence of POCD in elderly patients undergoing surgery, especially when associated with BIS 46–55. The effect of dexamethasone on S100β might be related with some degree of neuroprotection

In hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy coronary reserve impairment prevents the improvement in left ventricular systolic function and affects negatively the long term survival

Na hipertensão, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda desenvolve-se como um mecanismo de adaptação ao aumento da pós-carga para manter o estresse da parede e preservar a função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Paradoxalmente, estudos epidemiológicos identificaram a hipertrofia como um fator de risco de maior mortalidade cardiovascular. É possível que mudanças estruturais associadas, tais como a diminuição da reserva coronariana, possam comprometer esta adaptação e, assim, produzir hipertrofia patológica. O resultado esperado é a diminuição da sobrevida. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva têm sobrevida menor quando comparados a pacientes com função sistólica preservada. É possível que na miocardiopatia a sobrevida seja pior quando a diminuição da reserva resultar em maior prejuízo da função ventricular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel da reserva coronariana na fisiopatologia da hipertrofia cardíaca por meio do estudo prospectivo da função ventricular esquerda e da sobrevida de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva. De 1996 a 2000, 45 pacientes com hipertensão arterial, 30 homens, com idade média de 52±11 anos e fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo <30% foram incluídos e acompanhados até 2006. O Doppler transesofágico da artéria coronária descendente anterior foi utilizado para a medida da reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano. O seguimento clínico foi de 6,9±1,9 anos (mediana=6,9; mínimo=1,8; máximo=10,3 anos). Dezesseis pacientes apresentaram aumento Z10% da fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo após 17±6 meses. A reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano foi a única variável relacionada de modo direto e independente com a melhora da função sistólica. Quatorze pacientes faleceram após 5,2±2,0 anos (1,8 a 8,0 anos). A sobrevida em 10 anos foi 62%. A análise univariada identificou associações significativas e positivas da mortalidade com o gênero masculino, a idade e o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo; e associações significativas e negativas da mortalidade com a reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano, a pressão arterial e a fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox identificou a reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano (razão de chance=0,814, IC95%=0,719-0,923, P=0,001), o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (razão de chance=1,121, IC95%=1,024-1,228, P=0,014), a pressão arterial diastólica (razão de chance=0,940, IC95%=0,890-0,992, P=0,025) e o gênero masculino como fatores de risco independentes para a mortalidade. Estes resultados sugerem que a diminuição da reserva coronariana afeta negativamente o prognóstico tardio da miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva, possivelmente por impedir a melhora da disfunção ventricular esquerdaIn hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy develops as an adaptive mechanism to compensate for increased afterload in order to maintain wall stress and thereby preserve systolic function. Paradoxically, epidemiological studies identified hypertrophy as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Associated structural changes such as coronary reserve impairment may potentially interfere with this adaptive mechanism and produce pathologic hypertrophy. A poorer outcome is likely to result. Survival is expectedly shorter in patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy as compared to patients with preserved systolic function is expected. We speculate that survival would be further impaired as long as left ventricular function is put in jeopardy by inappropriate coronary reserve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of coronary reserve in the progress of left ventricular hypertrophy by prospectively investigating systolic function and survival in patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy. From 1996 to 2000, 45 hypertensive patients, 30 men, aged 52±11 years, with left ventricular fractional shortening <30% were enrolled and followed up until 2006. Coronary flow velocity reserve was assessed by means of transesophageal Doppler of the left anterior descendent coronary artery. The duration of follow-up was 6.9±1.9 years (1.8 to 10.3 years). Sixteen patients showed a Z10% improvement in left ventricular fractional shortening after 17±6 months of follow-up. Coronary flow velocity reserve was the only variable independently and positively related to the improvement in systolic function. Fourteen patients died after 5.2±2.0 years (1.8 to 8.0 years). The 10-year survival rate was 62%. Univariate analysis identified significant and positive associations of mortality with male gender, age, creatinine, and left ventricular mass index. Negative associations were found for coronary flow velocity reserve, blood pressure and left ventricular fractional shortening. The Cox proportional hazards model identified coronary flow velocity reserve (hazard ratio=0.814, 95%CI=0.719-0.923, P=0.001), left ventricular mass index (hazard ratio=1.121, 95%CI=1.024-1.228, P=0.014), diastolic blood pressure (hazard ratio=0.940, 95%CI=0.890-0.992, P=0.025), and male gender as independent predictors of mortality. The present findings suggest that coronary reserve impairment affects negatively the long term outcome of hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy possibly by impeding the improvement of left ventricular systolic dysfunctio

In hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy coronary reserve impairment prevents the improvement in left ventricular systolic function and affects negatively the long term survival

Na hipertensão, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda desenvolve-se como um mecanismo de adaptação ao aumento da pós-carga para manter o estresse da parede e preservar a função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Paradoxalmente, estudos epidemiológicos identificaram a hipertrofia como um fator de risco de maior mortalidade cardiovascular. É possível que mudanças estruturais associadas, tais como a diminuição da reserva coronariana, possam comprometer esta adaptação e, assim, produzir hipertrofia patológica. O resultado esperado é a diminuição da sobrevida. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva têm sobrevida menor quando comparados a pacientes com função sistólica preservada. É possível que na miocardiopatia a sobrevida seja pior quando a diminuição da reserva resultar em maior prejuízo da função ventricular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel da reserva coronariana na fisiopatologia da hipertrofia cardíaca por meio do estudo prospectivo da função ventricular esquerda e da sobrevida de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva. De 1996 a 2000, 45 pacientes com hipertensão arterial, 30 homens, com idade média de 52±11 anos e fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo <30% foram incluídos e acompanhados até 2006. O Doppler transesofágico da artéria coronária descendente anterior foi utilizado para a medida da reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano. O seguimento clínico foi de 6,9±1,9 anos (mediana=6,9; mínimo=1,8; máximo=10,3 anos). Dezesseis pacientes apresentaram aumento Z10% da fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo após 17±6 meses. A reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano foi a única variável relacionada de modo direto e independente com a melhora da função sistólica. Quatorze pacientes faleceram após 5,2±2,0 anos (1,8 a 8,0 anos). A sobrevida em 10 anos foi 62%. A análise univariada identificou associações significativas e positivas da mortalidade com o gênero masculino, a idade e o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo; e associações significativas e negativas da mortalidade com a reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano, a pressão arterial e a fração de encurtamento do ventrículo esquerdo. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox identificou a reserva da velocidade do fluxo coronariano (razão de chance=0,814, IC95%=0,719-0,923, P=0,001), o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (razão de chance=1,121, IC95%=1,024-1,228, P=0,014), a pressão arterial diastólica (razão de chance=0,940, IC95%=0,890-0,992, P=0,025) e o gênero masculino como fatores de risco independentes para a mortalidade. Estes resultados sugerem que a diminuição da reserva coronariana afeta negativamente o prognóstico tardio da miocardiopatia dilatada hipertensiva, possivelmente por impedir a melhora da disfunção ventricular esquerdaIn hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy develops as an adaptive mechanism to compensate for increased afterload in order to maintain wall stress and thereby preserve systolic function. Paradoxically, epidemiological studies identified hypertrophy as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Associated structural changes such as coronary reserve impairment may potentially interfere with this adaptive mechanism and produce pathologic hypertrophy. A poorer outcome is likely to result. Survival is expectedly shorter in patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy as compared to patients with preserved systolic function is expected. We speculate that survival would be further impaired as long as left ventricular function is put in jeopardy by inappropriate coronary reserve. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of coronary reserve in the progress of left ventricular hypertrophy by prospectively investigating systolic function and survival in patients with hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy. From 1996 to 2000, 45 hypertensive patients, 30 men, aged 52±11 years, with left ventricular fractional shortening <30% were enrolled and followed up until 2006. Coronary flow velocity reserve was assessed by means of transesophageal Doppler of the left anterior descendent coronary artery. The duration of follow-up was 6.9±1.9 years (1.8 to 10.3 years). Sixteen patients showed a Z10% improvement in left ventricular fractional shortening after 17±6 months of follow-up. Coronary flow velocity reserve was the only variable independently and positively related to the improvement in systolic function. Fourteen patients died after 5.2±2.0 years (1.8 to 8.0 years). The 10-year survival rate was 62%. Univariate analysis identified significant and positive associations of mortality with male gender, age, creatinine, and left ventricular mass index. Negative associations were found for coronary flow velocity reserve, blood pressure and left ventricular fractional shortening. The Cox proportional hazards model identified coronary flow velocity reserve (hazard ratio=0.814, 95%CI=0.719-0.923, P=0.001), left ventricular mass index (hazard ratio=1.121, 95%CI=1.024-1.228, P=0.014), diastolic blood pressure (hazard ratio=0.940, 95%CI=0.890-0.992, P=0.025), and male gender as independent predictors of mortality. The present findings suggest that coronary reserve impairment affects negatively the long term outcome of hypertensive dilated cardiomyopathy possibly by impeding the improvement of left ventricular systolic dysfunctio