Environmental education in São Gabriel da Palha, Espírito Santo, Brazil: An analysis of the municipal solid waste management / Educação ambiental em São Gabriel da Palha, Espírito Santo, Brazil: Uma análise da gestão municipal de resíduos sólidos

Due to the creation of Law No.12,305/2010, responsible for establishing the National Policy on Solid Waste, the existence of open dumps in Brazil came into question, since it became prohibited, which consequently brought the need to change the form of solid waste management in the country. From this perspective, the Association of Recyclable Materials Collectors (ASCAT) was established with the responsibility for carrying out various activities with waste. In the municipality of São Gabriel da Palha, the ASCAT was installed in the former dependencies of the open dump. With the enactment of Law No. 12,305/2010, the site underwent some changes, and the solid waste was destined for trenches that were later grounded. However, it can be seen from a street-based approach, that a significant part of the population believes that ASCAT still works on an open dump. In this way, this article proposes to present a synthesis about the reasons that cause the lack of knowledge of the citizens on subjects related to the correct destination of garbage in the municipality itself, as well as a presentation of the work of ASCAT and, finally, a study of the area where the waste was dumped

Occurrence of weeds in coffee intercropped with macadamia

Arborization can benefit coffee plantations by reducing the wind speed and temperature variation in the crop. It is also possible that the incident radiation can affect the weed populations and reduce the need for their control. This study aimed at assessing the weeds population and distribution, in arabica coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars, six years after planting, in Dois Córregos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of a 3x3+1 factorial scheme, i.e., coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars (HAES 816, IAC 4-20 and IAC 9-20) and three sampling positions of weeds in the intercropping (in the macadamia tree canopy projection, among the macadamia tree canopies projections and in the single rows), plus an additional treatment (sole coffee). The weeds incidence and control, as well as their phytosociological characterization, were evaluated. For coffee intercropped with macadamia, the weeds occurrence and number of species were smaller than for sole coffee. For the projection in the canopy and among canopies of macadamia trees, there was an average decrease of 82% in the occurrence of weeds, in comparison with the sole coffee. The IAC 9-20 cultivar was more efficient in reducing the occurrence of weeds, when intercropped with coffee, for presenting a taller canopy, with a larger diameter

Schematic models of wood for optic mineralogy and geosciences teaching / Modelos esquemáticos em madeira para o ensino de mineralogia óptica e de geociências

Optical physics applied to mineralogy becomes a complex concept, since it is based on concepts of refractoriness of isotropic and anisotropic materials, dependent on crystallographic parameters. The work aims to materialize these concepts in three-dimensional schematic models in wood, such as optical indicatrix and figures of interferences, generated when the plane polarized or polarized light interacts with several transparent minerals. The pieces were applied in the classes of Mineralogy II of the Geology course of the Federal University of Espírito Santo in the years 2017 and 2018, presenting great receptivity by the dissenting body and ease in the profusion of the knowledge of the group of monitors and teachers. The geometric representations were also shown in workshops at the Natural History Museum of Southern Espírito Santo State with the objective of disseminating the geosciences. As a result, the classes obtained satisfactory results of approval and learni