86 research outputs found
Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.Santé Publique Franc
On the pitfalls of conceptualizing excessive physical exercise as an addictive disorder: Commentary on Dinardi et al. (2021)
This commentary challenges some of the proposals made in the opinion paper entitled “The expanded
interactional model of exercise addiction” by Dinardi, Egorov, and Szabo (2021). We first question the
usefulness of the (expanded) interactional model of exercise addiction to determine the psychological processes
underlying distress and functional impairment in excessive physical exercise. We then consider the
authors’ use of the Self-Determination Theory to model exercise addiction, which risks the misclassification
of strenuous, but adaptive, patterns of physical exercise as exercise addiction. We finally address broader
concerns regarding the idea that maladaptive exercising could be conceptualized as an addictive disorder.Luxembourg National Research Fund C18/BM/12552025Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Espanola de Investigacion)Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion) (MCIN/ AEI) PID2020116535GB-I00Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNR
El papel de la carga mental en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo
Una de las claves que determinan el éxito del entrenamiento es la alternancia correcta entre esfuerzo y descanso. La acumulación de esfuerzo puede producir fatiga, con el consiguiente deterioro de la capacidad motriz del deportista. Su impacto a largo plazo sobre el organismo depende de la capacidad adaptativa del deportista ante los estímulos que la generaron. El sometimiento a cargas por encima de la capacidad adaptativa del deportista produce un estado de incapacidad funcional conocido con el término "sobreentrenamiento" y caracterizado por la pérdida de rendimiento y alteraciones emocionales (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee y Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould, y Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Los estímulos que determinan la carga del entrenamiento son de naturaleza física y mental. Aunque la repercusión de los primeros ha sido ampliamente estudiada, no sucede igual con la de los segundos. Por tanto, nuestro objetivo es (1) revisar el concepto de carga mental, incluyendo elementos de carga cognitiva y emocional; (2) profundizar en las repercusiones de la carga mental y la necesidad de controlarla en el entrenamiento, y (3) proponer aplicaciones para el diseño de tareas por parte del entrenador.One of the keys to achieving success in training is the correct alternation between exertion and rest. Accumulation of load causes fatigue, with a consequent deterioration of an athlete's motor skills. This impact on the organism depends on the capacity of the athlete to adapt to the stimuli that generated it. Repetitive loads, systematically above the adaptive capacity of the athlete, can produce performance and mode deterioration in the form of dysfunctional overtraining or stalement. (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee AND Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould and Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Loading stimuli can be physical and/or mental. Although the impact of the former has been widely studied, this is not the case with the latter. Therefore, our aim was (1) to review the concept of mental workload, including cognitive and emotional elements, (2) to explore the implications of controlling mental workload for training, and (3) to propose practical applications for designing training tasks.Uma das chaves que determinam o êxito do treino é a alternância correcta entre esforço e descanso. A acumulação de esforço pode produzir fadiga, com o consequente deterioramento da capacidade motora do atleta. O seu impacto a longo prazo sobre o organismo depende da capacidade adaptativa do desportista face aos estímulos que a originam. A exposição a cargas acima da capacidade adaptativa do atleta produz um estado de incapacidade funcional denominado de "sobretreino" e caracterizado pela perda de rendimento e alterações emocionais (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee e Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould e Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Os estímulos que determinam a carga de treino são de natureza física e mental. Embora a repercussão dos primeiros tenha sido amplamente estudada, o mesmo não sucede com os segundos. Como tal, o nosso objectivo é (1) rever o conceito de carga mental, incluindo elementos de carga cognitiva e emocional; (2) aprofundar as repercussões da carga mental e a necessidade de controlá-la no treino, e (3) propor aplicações para o delineamento de tarefas por parte do treinador
¿Protege o predispone la actividad física a las adicciones conductuales y otros problemas de autorregulación?
This cross-sectional survey study had the aim of clarifying the relationships
between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and non-drugrelated
self-regulation problems (non-drug-related SRPs), including
behavioral addictions, and the role of impulsive personality traits
therein. Spanish university students (N = 329; Mage = 21.20) completed
questionnaires for each of these constructs.
Fitness and Bodybuilding LTPA was negatively associated with video
gaming-related SRPs, r = -.13, p = .019, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [-.23,
-.02], and positively associated with sex-related SRPs, r = .16, p = .005,
95% CI (bootstrapped) [.04, .30]. Endurance LTPA was associated
with higher scores in eating-related SRPs, r = .17, p = .003, 95% CI
(bootstrapped) [.02, .31]. The proportion of participants presenting
scores above the clinically significant threshold in eating-related SRPs
was 2.64 times higher for respondents in an Excessive Endurance
LTPA cluster compared to the other respondents, Fisher’s exact test,
p = .017, OR = 3.10, 95% CI [1.26, 7.63], and the proportion of participants
reporting vomiting to control weight was 2.12 times higher,
Fisher’s exact test, p = .040, OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.06, 5.57]. The associations
were largely independent of impulsive personality traits.
We identified an elevated risk of eating pathology in a subgroup of
participants with anomalously high participation in endurance physical
activity. This overlap is consistent with the secondary dependence hypothesis
of exercise addiction.This cross-sectional survey study had the aim of clarifying the relationships
between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and non-drugrelated
self-regulation problems (non-drug-related SRPs), including
behavioral addictions, and the role of impulsive personality traits
therein. Spanish university students (N = 329; Mage = 21.20) completed
questionnaires for each of these constructs.
Fitness and Bodybuilding LTPA was negatively associated with video
gaming-related SRPs, r = -.13, p = .019, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [-.23,
-.02], and positively associated with sex-related SRPs, r = .16, p = .005,
95% CI (bootstrapped) [.04, .30]. Endurance LTPA was associated
with higher scores in eating-related SRPs, r = .17, p = .003, 95% CI
(bootstrapped) [.02, .31]. The proportion of participants presenting
scores above the clinically significant threshold in eating-related SRPs
was 2.64 times higher for respondents in an Excessive Endurance
LTPA cluster compared to the other respondents, Fisher’s exact test,
p = .017, OR = 3.10, 95% CI [1.26, 7.63], and the proportion of participants
reporting vomiting to control weight was 2.12 times higher,
Fisher’s exact test, p = .040, OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.06, 5.57]. The associations
were largely independent of impulsive personality traits.
We identified an elevated risk of eating pathology in a subgroup of
participants with anomalously high participation in endurance physical
activity. This overlap is consistent with the secondary dependence hypothesis
of exercise addiction.Research described in this manuscript has been funded
by a grant to the last author, JCP, from the Spanish Government
(Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de
Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación; Convocatoria
2013 de Proyectos I+D de Excelencia), with reference number
PSI2013-45055-P
The role of mental workload in sport training planning
One of the keys to achieving success in training is the correct alternation between exertion and rest. Accumulation of load causes fatigue,
with a consequent deterioration of an athlete’s motor skills. This impact on the organism depends on the capacity of the athlete to adapt to the stimuli
that generated it. Repetitive loads, systematically above the adaptive capacity of the athlete, can produce performance and mode deterioration in the
form of dysfunctional overtraining or stalement. (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee AND Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould AND Dieffenbach, 2002;
Kellmann, 2002). Loading stimuli can be physical and/or mental. Although the impact of the former has been widely studied, this is not the case with
the latter. Therefore, our aim was (1) to review the concept of mental workload, including cognitive and emotional elements, (2) to explore the implications
of controlling mental workload for training, and (3) to propose practical applications for designing training task
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder should not be classified by solely relying on component/symptomatic features. Commentary to the debate: “Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11”
The paper by Sassover and Weinstein (2022) contributes to a timely and complex debate related to the
classification of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD). The recent inclusion of CSBD as an impulse-
control disorder in the ICD-11 has generated debate since a competitive view is that CSBD should
rather be classified as an addictive disorder. Sassover and Weinstein (2022) reviewed existing evidence
and concluded it does not support the conceptualization of CSBD as an addictive disorder. Although we
agree regarding the relevance and timely nature of considering the classification of CSBD, we respectfully
disagree with the position that relying on the components model of addiction (Griffiths, 2005) is the
optimal approach for determining whether or not CSBD is an addictive disorder. In this commentary, we
discuss potential pitfalls of relying on the components model to conceptualize CSBD as an addictive disorder
and argue that considering a process-based approach is important for advancing this timely debate
A fadiga como um estado motivacional subjetivo
Actualmente
no
existe
consenso
sobre
los
factores
que
determinan
la
aparición
de
la
fatiga.
Hay
factores
que
se
derivan
exclusivamente
del
esfuerzo
físico,
otros
que
dependen
del
esfuerzo
mental
que
este
lleva
aparejado,
y
otros
de
los
resultados
de
la
tarea
que
se
está
realizando.
Como
consecuencia,
se
han
desarrollado
diferentes
modelos
explicativos
que
pretenden
aunar
las
diferentes
razones
de
su
aparición.
No
obstante,
la
tendencia
actual
es
entender
la
fatiga
como
un
estado
motivacional
complejo
cuyo
origen
tiene
lugar
en
numerosos
procesos
siológicos
y
psicológicos
que
sirven
para
regular
el
esfuerzo
y
proteger
al
organismo
de
da
̃
nos
graves.
Los
objetivos
de
la
presente
revisión
narrativa
son
analizar
los
diferentes
enfoques
existentes
para
el
estudio
y
la
explicación
de
la
fatiga,
establecer
el
vínculo
con
el
concepto
de
carga
de
entrenamiento
y
justi car
la
importancia
de
evaluar
las
repercusiones
de
la
carga
mental
para
conseguir
una
adecuada
plani cación
y
control
del
proceso
de
entrenamientoThere
is
currently
no
consensus
on
the
factors
that
determine
the
onset
of
fatigue.
There
are
some
factors
that
are
derived
exclusively
from
the
physical
effort,
others
that
depend
on
the
mental
effort
due
to
physical
effort,
and
some
others
on
the
feedback
provided
by
the
task
being
performed.
As
a
result,
we
have
developed
different
explanatory
models
that
seek
to
combine
the
different
reasons
for
its
occurrence.
Nevertheless,
the
current
trend
is
to
understand
fatigue
as
a
complex
motivational
state
whose
origin
occurs
in
many
physiological
and
psychological
processes
that
serve
to
regulate
the
effort
and
protect
the
body
from
serious
damage.
The
aims
of
this
narrative
review
are
to
analyze
the
different
existing
approaches
to
the
study
and
explanation
of
fatigue,
establish
the
link
with
the
concept
of
training
load
and
justify
the
importance
of
evaluating
the
impact
of
mental
load
to
achieve
a
proper
planning
and
a
training
process
control.Atualmente não existe consenso sobre os fatores que determinam o aparecimento da fadiga. Existem
fatores que são derivados exclusivamente do esforc¸ o físico, outros que dependem do esforc¸ o mental que
ela traz, e outros resultados da tarefa executada. Como consequência, tem-se desenvolvido diferentes
modelos explicativos que procuram combinar as diferentes razões para a sua ocorrência.
No entanto, a tendência atual é entender a fadiga como um estado motivacional complexo, cuja origem
ocorre em muitos processos fisiológicos e psicológicos que servem para regular o esforc¸ o e proteger o
corpo de danos graves. Os objetivos da presente revisão narrativa são analisar as diferentes abordagens
existentes para o estudo e explicac¸ ão da fadiga, estabelecer a ligac¸ ão com o conceito de carga de treinamento e justificar a importância de se avaliar o impacto da carga mental para alcanc¸ ar um planejamento
adequado e controle de processo de treinament
Decision‑making inflexibility in a reversal learning task is associated with severity of problem gambling symptoms but not with a diagnosis of substance use disorder
MFJ-R was funded by the scholarship program offered by the University of Guayaquil-Ecuador (Programa de Becas para Profesores de la UG; Convocatoria 2015). JCP and JFNs contributions are supported by a grant from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion; Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I + D de Excelencia, Spain; co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Comission), with reference number PSI2017-85488-P. The funding bodies had no role in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.Background: Decisions made by individuals with disordered gambling are markedly inflexible. However, whether
anomalies in learning from feedback are gambling-specific, or extend beyond gambling contexts, remains an open
question. More generally, addictive disorders—including gambling disorder—have been proposed to be facilitated
by individual differences in feedback-driven decision-making inflexibility, which has been studied in the lab with the
Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT). In this task, participants are first asked to learn which of two choice options
is more advantageous, on the basis of trial-by-trial feedback, but, once preferences are established, reward contingencies
are reversed, so that the advantageous option becomes disadvantageous and vice versa. Inflexibility is revealed
by a less effective reacquisition of preferences after reversal, which can be distinguished from more generalized learning
deficits.
Methods: In the present study, we compared PRLT performance across two groups of 25 treatment-seeking patients
diagnosed with an addictive disorder and who reported gambling problems, and 25 matched controls [18 Males/7
Females in both groups, Mage(
SDage) = 25.24 (8.42) and 24.96 (7.90), for patients and controls, respectively]. Beyond
testing for differences in the shape of PRLT learning curves across groups, the specific effect of problematic gambling
symptoms’ severity was also assessed independently of group assignment. In order to surpass previous methodological
problems, full acquisition and reacquisition curves were fitted using generalized mixed-effect models.
Results: Results showed that (1) controls did not significantly differ from patients in global PRLT performance nor
showed specific signs of decision-making inflexibility; and (2) regardless of whether group affiliation was controlled
for or not, gambling severity was specifically associated with more inefficient learning in phases with reversed
contingencies.
Conclusion: Decision-making inflexibility, as revealed by difficulty to reacquire decisional preferences based on
feedback after contingency reversals, seems to be associated with gambling problems, but not necessarily with a
substance-use disorder diagnosis. This result aligns with gambling disorder models in which domain-general compulsivity
is linked to vulnerability to develop gambling-specific problems with exposure to gambling opportunities.University of Guayaquil-Ecuador (Programa de Becas para Profesores de la UG)Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion)Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I + D de Excelencia, SpainFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Comission PSI2017-85488-
Cognitive Biases in Human Causal Learning
El objetivo de este trabajo fue la búsqueda de sesgos cognitivos en la inferencia de relaciones causales para descubrir qué procesos psicológicos modulan el aprendizaje causal. A partir del efecto de la frecuencia de juicio, este trabajo presenta investigación consecuente sobre competición entre claves (ensombrecimiento, bloqueo o súper-condicionamiento) para demostrar cómo la fuerza de las creencias previas y la evidencia sobre la covariación de cada causa contribuyen aditivamente en los juicios causales y en la toma de decisiones, siendo su fuerza relativa modulada por la fiabilidad otorgada a cada tipo de información. Nuevos datos muestran también la incapacidad para detectar relaciones causales incidentales preventivas, pero no generativas. Esta “ceguera inatencional” parece deberse a un fallo en la codificación o recuperación de la información. Todos estos datos revelan que una arquitectura cognitiva del aprendizaje causal debe basarse en tres niveles. El primer nivel sería responsable de la codificación de los eventos en cada ensayo. El segundo nivel computaría la nueva evidencia a partir de la información recibida del primer nivel. En el tercer nivel, el individuo debe interpretar e integrar toda esta información con su conocimiento causal previo. En suma, los modelos sobre juicios de causalidad y toma de decisiones normalmente se han centrado en el efecto exclusivo de las “creencias y conocimiento causal” o de la “experiencia directa y covariación” entre causas y efectos. Este trabajo demuestra que ambos tipos de información se requieren e interactúan cuando se trata de explicar la complejidad y flexibilidad que implica el aprendizaje y la inferencia de relaciones causales en humanos.The main aim of this work was to look for cognitive biases in human inference of causal relationships in order to emphasize the psychological processes that modulate causal learning. From the effect of the judgment frequency, this work presents subsequent research on cue competition (overshadowing, blocking, and super-conditioning effects) showing that the strength of prior beliefs and new evidence based upon covariation computation contributes additively to predict causal judgments, whereas the balance between the reliability of both, beliefs and covariation knowledge, modulates their relative weight. New findings also showed “inattentional blindness” for negative or preventative causal relationships but not for positive or generative ones, due to failure in codifying and retrieving the necessary information for its computation. Overall results unveil the need of three hierarchical levels of a whole architecture for human causal learning: the lower one, responsible for codifying the events during the task; the second one, computing the retrieved information; finally, the higher level, integrating this evidence with previous causal knowledge. In summary, whereas current theoretical frameworks on causal inference and decision-making usually focused either on causal beliefs or covariation information, the present work shows how both are required to be able to explain the complexity and flexibility involved in human causal learning
The associative learning roots of affect-driven impulsivity and its role in problem gambling: A replication attempt and extension of Quintero et al. (2020)
Background and aims: Negative/positive urgency (NU/PU) refers to the proneness to act rashly under
negative/positive emotions. These traits are proxies to generalized emotion dysregulation, and are wellestablished
predictors of gambling-related problems. We aimed to replicate a previous work (Quintero
et al., 2020) showing NU to be related to faulty extinction of conditioned stimuli in an emotional conditioning
task, to extend these findings to PU, and to clarify the role of urgency in the development of
gambling-related craving and problems. Methods: 81 gamblers performed an acquisition-extinction task in
which neutral, disgusting, erotic and gambling-related images were used as unconditioned stimuli (US),
and color patches as conditioned stimuli (CS). Trial-by-trial predictive responses were analyzed using
generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLME). Results: PU was more strongly related than NU to
craving and severity of gambling problems. PU did not influence acquisition in the associative task,
whereas NU slightly slowed it. Extinction was hampered in individuals with high PU, and a follow-up
analysis showed this effect to depend on relative preference for skill-based and casino games. Discussion
and conclusions: Results suggest that resistance to extinction of emotionally conditioned cues is a sign of
malfunctioning emotion regulation in problematic gambling. In our work, the key effect was driven by PU
(instead of NU), and gambling craving and symptoms were also more closely predicted by it. Future
research should compare the involvement of PU and NU in emotion regulation and gambling problems,
for gamblers with preference for different gambling modalities (e.g., pure chance vs skill games)Spanish Government PSI2017-85488-PSpanish Government (Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos ID de Excelencia, Spain)Spanish Government (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Union)Spanish Government (Agencia Espanola de Investigacion, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion) (MCIN/AEI) PID2020-116535 GB-I00Spanish Government PRE2018-08515
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