The Relationship between Domestic and Outward Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Industry-Specific Effects

Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effect of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic investments. In this article we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. Based on a simple model including monitoring and trade costs, we argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The results may thus have profound policy implications

Relación entre ansiedad y expectativas de auto-eficacia en fondistas de un club atlético de la Ciudad de Guayaquil.

PdfEl presente trabajo de investigación titulado “RELACIÓN ENTRE ANSIEDAD Y EXPECTATIVAS DE AUTOEFICACIA EN FONDISTAS DE UN CLUB ATLÉTICO DE LA CIUDAD DE GUAYAQUIL” buscó determinar la relación entre la ansiedad y expectativa de autoeficacia en fondistas del Club Pantera Sport de la ciudad de Guayaquil durante el periodo 2014-2015 para poder comprender los factores psicológicos que pudieron incidir, tanto de forma positiva como de forma negativa, en el desempeño deportivo. Para realizar el análisis se utilizó la observación directa, entrevistas semi-estructuradas, para medir la ansiedad se utilizó el CSAI 2R que identificó la ansiedad somática, cognitiva y la autoconfianza y para medir las expectativas de autoeficacia el EAG. Se trabajó con medias y desviación estándar además de utilizar la asimetría y la curtosis para conocer la distribución de las muestras. Como principales resultados se encontró que la ansiedad y la expectativa de autoeficacia si están relacionadas y de manera positiva siempre y cuando la ansiedad sea baja o moderada y las expectativas de autoeficacia sean altas, y por otro lado se evidenció que los deportistas con mayor experiencia manejaban situaciones de ansiedad pudiendo responder con las expectativas planteadas.This research work titled "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY AND EXPECTATIONS OF EFFICACY IN LONG DISTANCE ATHLETES OF AN ATHLETIC CLUB IN GUAYAQUIL" try to find to determine the relationship between anxiety and expectation of self-efficacy in long distance athletes in the Pantera Club Sport in Guayaquil during the period 2014-2015 in order to understand the psychological factors that can affect both positively and negatively the Sport performance. For the analysis were used direct observation, semi-structured interviews to measure anxiety that was identified with the CSAI 2R somatic, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence and self-efficacy expectations measure the EAG was used. It has been worken with mean and standard deviation in addition to using the skewness and kurtosis to know the distribution of samples. The main results found that anxiety and expectation of self-efficacy if they are related and positive manner at all times and when anxiety is low or moderate and self-efficacy expectations are high also interpreted that athletes with more experience handling situations of anxiety and withhours can fulfill expectations raised

Starch biosynthetic genes and enzymes are expressed and active in the absence of starch accumulation in sugar beet tap-root

BACKGROUND: Starch is the predominant storage compound in underground plant tissues like roots and tubers. An exception is sugar beet tap-root (Beta vulgaris ssp altissima) which exclusively stores sucrose. The underlying mechanism behind this divergent storage accumulation in sugar beet is currently not fully known. From the general presence of starch in roots and tubers it could be speculated that the lack in sugar beet tap-roots would originate from deficiency in pathways leading to starch. Therefore with emphasis on starch accumulation, we studied tap-roots of sugar beet using parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) as a comparator. RESULTS: Metabolic and structural analyses of sugar beet tap-root confirmed sucrose as the exclusive storage component. No starch granules could be detected in tap-roots of sugar beet or the wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Analyses of parsnip showed that the main storage component was starch but tap-root tissue was also found to contain significant levels of sugars. Surprisingly, activities of four main starch biosynthetic enzymes, phosphoglucomutase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme, were similar in sugar beet and parsnip tap-roots. Transcriptional analysis confirmed expression of corresponding genes. Additionally, expression of genes involved in starch accumulation such as for plastidial hexose transportation and starch tuning functions could be determined in tap-roots of both plant species. Conclusion: Considering underground storage organs, sugar beet tap-root upholds a unique property in exclusively storing sucrose. Lack of starch also in the ancestor sea beet indicates an evolved trait of biological importance. Our findings in this study show that gene expression and enzymatic activity of main starch biosynthetic functions are present in sugar beet tap-root during storage accumulation. In view of this, the complete lack of starch in sugar beet tap-roots is enigmatic

Allele-specific regulation of MTTP expression influences the risk of ischemic heart disease

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