Adalékok a geopolitika kialakulás-történetéhez

This paper aims to introduce the reader to the early years of geopolitics. In the beginning of the ninteen-twenties there was a strong desire led by German scientists to separate geopolitics from political geography, and to get it acknowledged as an independent discipline. This effort started a debate between the geographers about geopolitics, what it actually is, and how it differs from political geography. The central figure of the geopolitical movement was Karl Haushofer, one of the most (in)famous geopolitical thinker of the twentieth century, and the founder of the German geopolitical school. His and his colleagues main goal was to establish the solid scientifical basis of this new acedemic field. In 1928 they published their work with the title Bausteine zur Geopolitik, which contained numerous of their studies with their thoughts about the theoretical and historical principles of geopolitics. In this short study we tried to compare them with the phlyogeny of political geography read in the great synthesis of Otto Maull, with the headtitle Politische Geographie (Political Geography). Similarly to Haushofer, Otto Maull was also significant geographer and political geographer of that time, and he also participated as an author in the publishing of Bausteine zur Geopolitik. Maull traced the roots of the modern political geography back to antiquity, and described its scientific development until the first decades of the twentieth century. Overall, the two disciplines have a great many of mutual traits regarding their histoical essentials, their methodology and their subjects of research, which is not surprising considering that geopolitics started to evolve from the academic field of political geography. The main difference between them, according to Haushofer and his colleagues, is that geopolitics has a speical point of view. It means that its aim is to solve the problems of space and power with scientific intensity, but these results must also be made available to the politicians and statesmen. Thus, geopolitics, according to them, must become an academic field with the purpose to aid the state

Az intellektuális bűnözés feltalálása : fehérgalléros kriminalitás Budapesten a 20. század elején

This paper examines the process during which Hungarian society „invented” the category of intellectual property crimes at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Since the rapidly urbanizing capital was at this time the economic and financial center of the country, the focus of this investigation is Budapest. The effort to define intellectual property crimes can be identified in criminal law, criminology, and in public opinion as well. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the development of modern capitalist economy and bourgeois society happened extremely quickly in Hungary, so the modern forms of crime closely related to the process – including intellectual property crimes – were codified in the criminal law in response to this, in the framework of a longer process. From the sources available from the turn of the century, it is clear that crimes of an intellectual nature had already appeared in Hungary in the early period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, but they only became really „visible” from the early 1900s. Then, as a result of the First World War and the social and economic crisis following the defeat, the number of white-collar criminals increased by leaps and bounds. Accordingly, from the 1920s onwards, the issue of intellectual property crime became a defining topic in both police and press discourse. While the amount of economic or financial crimes committed by white-collar people increased significantly in the early 1920s and then during the Great Depression, their quantity and the types of crimes also changed continuously, adapting to changes in the economic environment

Adalékok a geopolitika kialakulás-történetéhez

This paper aims to introduce the reader to the early years of geopolitics. In the beginning of the ninteen-twenties there was a strong desire led by German scientists to separate geopolitics from political geography, and to get it acknowledged as an independent discipline. This effort started a debate between the geographers about geopolitics, what it actually is, and how it differs from political geography. The central figure of the geopolitical movement was Karl Haushofer, one of the most (in)famous geopolitical thinker of the twentieth century, and the founder of the German geopolitical school. His and his colleagues main goal was to establish the solid scientifical basis of this new acedemic field. In 1928 they published their work with the title Bausteine zur Geopolitik, which contained numerous of their studies with their thoughts about the theoretical and historical principles of geopolitics. In this short study we tried to compare them with the phlyogeny of political geography read in the great synthesis of Otto Maull, with the headtitle Politische Geographie (Political Geography). Similarly to Haushofer, Otto Maull was also significant geographer and political geographer of that time, and he also participated as an author in the publishing of Bausteine zur Geopolitik. Maull traced the roots of the modern political geography back to antiquity, and described its scientific development until the first decades of the twentieth century. Overall, the two disciplines have a great many of mutual traits regarding their histoical essentials, their methodology and their subjects of research, which is not surprising considering that geopolitics started to evolve from the academic field of political geography. The main difference between them, according to Haushofer and his colleagues, is that geopolitics has a speical point of view. It means that its aim is to solve the problems of space and power with scientific intensity, but these results must also be made available to the politicians and statesmen. Thus, geopolitics, according to them, must become an academic field with the purpose to aid the state

Antimonformák terepi elválasztása és atomspektrometriás meghatározása = On-site separation and atomspectrometric determination of antimony species

Az antimont az ipar széles körben használja, külön kiemelendő égésgátló adalékként és fékbetétekben történő felhasználása. Mivel az egyes antimon-formák toxicitása eltérő, igény van oxidációs állapotának, különböző kötésben lévő formáinak kvantitatív ismeretére. Oldatok (természetes és palackozott vizek, üdítők, vízoldható termékek) szervetlen Sb-formáinak (Sb(III) és Sb(V)) elválasztására többféle módszert dolgoztunk ki. A leghatékonyabb eljárással egy lépésben sikerült mindkét formát elkülöníteni, dúsítani, érzékenyen és szelektíven meghatározni. Jelentősebb mennyiségű antimont csak foszfáttartalmú gyógyszerekben találtunk, a kevésbé toxikus +5 oxidációs állapotban. Az oxidációs formák átalakulásának megelőzésére terepen végezhető elválasztási módszert fejlesztettünk ki. Ilyen módon karsztvízből is csak az Sb(V) formát tudtuk igazolni, egészségügyi határérték alatti koncentrációban. Megoldottuk a közlekedési eredetű Sb-formák szelektív elválasztását és meghatározását is. A városi ülepedő por elég nagy, 10-30 micro g/g mennyiségben tartalmaz Sb vegyületeket, felerészben veszélyes Sb2O3-ként. | Antimony is frequently used by the industry, especially as flame retardant additive and brake lining. As the toxicity of the individual antimony forms is different, there is a need of quantitative determination of antimony in the two oxidation state, and in different bounded types. Diverse ways of separation of inorganic Sb forms (Sb(III) and Sb(V)) in solutions (natural and bottled waters, soft drinks, water-soluble products) were developed. In the most efficient procedure we managed to separate, enrich, sensitively and selectively determine both forms in one single step. We found a considerable amount of antimony in phosphate containing pharmaceuticals, but in the less toxic +5 oxidation state. To prevent the transformation of the oxidation forms we developed an on-site separation method. Even with this method we could justify only Sb(V) form from karstic water, with concentration under the hygienic limit value. We managed the selective separation and determination also of the traffic related Sb forms. The urban settled dust contains Sb compounds in a relatively high quantity of 10-30 micro g/g, the half of which is the dangerous Sb2O3