ANALISA FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENCETUS DERAJAT SERANGAN ASMA PADA PENDERITA ASMA DI PUSKESMAS PERAK KABUPATEN JOMBANG TAHUN 2013

Asma merupakan gangguan pada saluran bronchial dimana penyakit ini dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Prevalensi dari penyakit ini meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Di Indonesia prevalensi asma belum diketahui secara pasti namun diperkirakan 2-5% penduduk Indonesia menderita asma. Di Jawa Timur sendiri prevalensi asma mencapai 2,62%. Asma dicetuskan beberapa faktor diantaranya: alergen, aktivitas fisik, stres dan lain-lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa faktor-faktor pencetus derajat serangan asma di Puskesmas Perak Kabupaten Jombang tahun 2013. Metode penelitian menggunakan deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan retrospektif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua pengunjung penderita asma sebanyak 91 responden. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara Simple Random Sampling sebanyak 74 responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner dan data dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney dan uji Spearman Rho. Hasil uji Mann-Whitney didapatkan nilai p value 0,002 yang menunjukkan hubungan faktor alergen dengan derajat serangan asma, dan hasil uji Spearman Rho didapatkan nilai p value 0,000 yang menunjukkan hubungan faktor aktivitas fisik dengan derajat serangan asma, dimana nilai 0,000 lebih kecil dari 0,005. Faktor-faktor pencetus derajat serangan asma menentukan tingkat serangan asma pada penderita asma itu sendiri. Dengan seringnya penderita terpapar dengan pencetus-pencetus tersebut maka serangan asma penderita akan sering terjadi berulang. Oleh karena itu diharapkan penderita untuk selalu menghindari faktor pencetus serangan asma dimana dari hasil penelitian faktor yang lebih dominan adalah faktor aktivitas fisik.   Kata Kunci: Pencetus Asma, Derajat, Serangan Asma &nbsp

Supersymmetry in models with strong on-site Coulomb repulsion - application to t-J model

A supersymmetric way of imposing the constraint of no double occupancy in models with strong on-site Coulomb repulsion is presented in this paper. In this formulation the physical operators in the constrainted Hilbert space are invariant under local unitary transformations mixing boson and fermion representations. As an illustration the formulation is applied to the $t-J$ model. The model is studied in the mean-field level in the J=0 limit where we show how both the slave-boson and slave-fermion formulations are included naturally in the present approach and how further results beyond both approaches are obtained.Comment: 12 pages, Latex file, 1 figur

Optimising response to an introduction of African swine fever in wild pigs

African swine fever virus (ASFv) is a virulent pathogen that threatens domestic swine industries globally and persists in wild boar populations in some countries. Persistence in wild boar can challenge elimination and prevent disease-free status, making it necessary to address wild swine in proactive response plans. In the United States, invasive wild pigs are abundant and found across a wide range of ecological conditions that could drive different epidemiological dynamics among populations. Information on the size of the control areas required to rapidly eliminate the ASFv in wild pigs and how this area should change with management constraints and local ecology is needed to optimize response planning. We developed a spatially explicit disease transmission model contrasting wild pig movement and contact ecology in two ecosystems in Southeastern United States. We simulated ASFv spread and determined the optimal response area (reported as the radius of a circle) for eliminating ASFv rapidly over a range of detection times (when ASFv was detected relative to the true date of introduction), culling capacities (proportion of wild pigs in the culling zone removed weekly) and wild pig densities. Large radii for response areas (14 km) were needed under most conditions but could be shortened with early detection (≤ 8 weeks) and high culling capacities (≥ 15% weekly). Under most conditions, the ASFv was eliminated in less than 22 weeks using optimal control radii, although ecological conditions with high rates of wild pig movement required higher culling capacities (≥ 10% weekly) for elimination within 1 year. The results highlight the importance of adjusting response plans based on local ecology and show that wild pig movement is a better predictor of the optimal response area than the number of ASFv cases early in the outbreak trajectory. Our framework provides a tool for determining optimal control plans in different areas, guiding expectations of response impacts, and planning resources needed for rapid elimination

Role of Dicer1-DependentFactors in the Paracrine Regulation of Epididymal Gene Expression

Dicer1 is an endoribonuclease involved in the biogenesis of functional molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs). These small non-coding RNAs are important regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression and participate in the control of male fertility. With the knowledge that 1) Dicer1-dependent factors are required for proper sperm maturation in the epididymis, and that 2) miRNAs are potent mediators of intercellular communication in most biological systems, we investigated the role of Dicer1-dependent factors produced by the proximal epididymis (initial segment/caput)-including miRNAs-on the regulation of epididymal gene expression in the distal epididymis regions (i.e. corpus and cauda). To this end, we performed comparative microarray and ANOVA analyses on control vs. Defb41(iCre/wt); Dicer1(fl/fl) mice in which functional Dicer1 is absent from the principal cells of the proximal epididymis. We identified 35 and 33 transcripts that displayed significant expression level changes in the corpus and cauda regions (Fold change > 2 or 2 or < -2; p < 0.01). These miRNAs are secreted via extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the DC2 epididymal principal cell line, and their expression correlates with target transcripts involved in distinct biological pathways, as evidenced by in silico analysis. Albeit correlative and based on in silico approach, our study proposes that Dicer1-dependent factors trigger-directly or not-significant genes expression changes in distinct regions of this organ. The paracrine control of functions important to post-testicular sperm maturation by Dicer1-dependent factors may open new avenues for the identification of molecular targets important to male fertility control

Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World

Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or amplify what is occurring elsewhere. Accelerating mountain climate change has extensive environmental impacts, including depletion of snow/ice reserves, critical for the world's water supply. Whilst the concept of elevation-dependent warming (EDW), whereby warming rates are stratified by elevation, is widely accepted, no consistent EDW profile at the global scale has been identified. Past assessments have also neglected elevation-dependent changes in precipitation. In this comprehensive analysis, both in situ station temperature and precipitation data from mountain regions, and global gridded data sets (observations, reanalyses, and model hindcasts) are employed to examine the elevation dependency of temperature and precipitation changes since 1900. In situ observations in paired studies (using adjacent stations) show a tendency toward enhanced warming at higher elevations. However, when all mountain/lowland studies are pooled into two groups, no systematic difference in high versus low elevation group warming rates is found. Precipitation changes based on station data are inconsistent with no systematic contrast between mountain and lowland precipitation trends. Gridded data sets (CRU, GISTEMP, GPCC, ERA5, and CMIP5) show increased warming rates at higher elevations in some regions, but on a global scale there is no universal amplification of warming in mountains. Increases in mountain precipitation are weaker than for low elevations worldwide, meaning reduced elevation-dependency of precipitation, especially in midlatitudes. Agreement on elevation-dependent changes between gridded data sets is weak for temperature but stronger for precipitation