14 research outputs found
Vector-borne and other pathogens of potential relevance disseminated by relocated cats
© 2022. The Author(s).Large populations of unowned cats constitute an animal welfare, ecological, societal and public health issue worldwide. Their relocation and homing are currently carried out in many parts of the world with the intention of relieving suffering and social problems, while contributing to ethical and humane population control in these cat populations. An understanding of an individual cat's lifestyle and disease status by veterinary team professionals and those working with cat charities can help to prevent severe cat stress and the spread of feline pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens, which can be overlooked in cats. In this article, we discuss the issue of relocation and homing of unowned cats from a global perspective. We also review zoonotic and non-zoonotic infectious agents of cats and give a list of practical recommendations for veterinary team professionals dealing with homing cats. Finally, we present a consensus statement consolidated at the 15th Symposium of the Companion Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBD) World Forum in 2020, ultimately to help veterinary team professionals understand the problem and the role they have in helping to prevent and manage vector-borne and other pathogens in relocated cats.publishersversionpublishe
Occurrence of Hepatozoon canis (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) and Anaplasma spp. (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) in South Africa
Background:
Domestic dogs are not native to sub-Saharan Africa, which may account for their susceptibility to
Babesia rossi
, of which endemic black-backed jackals (
Canis mesomelas
) are natural reservoirs. There is virtually no
information on the occurrence of potentially pathogenic haemogregarines (e.g.
Hepatozoon canis
) or even rickettsial
bacteria (e.g.
Ehrlichia
spp. and
Anaplasma
spp.) in indigenous canids in sub-Saharan Africa. Such organisms could
pose a risk to domestic dogs, as well as to populations of endangered indigenous canid species.
Results:
Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples taken from 126 free-ranging and 16 captive black-backed
jackals was subjected to reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay; 82 (57.8%) specimens reacted only with the
Ehrlichia
/
Anaplasma
genera-specific probe. Full-length bacterial
16S
rRNA gene of five of these specimens was
cloned and the recombinants sequenced. The ten
16S
rDNA sequences obtained were most closely related, with
approximately 99% identity, to
Anaplasma
sp. South African Dog, various uncultured
Anaplasma
spp., as well as
various
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
genotypes. Ninety-one specimens were screened for haemogregarines
through PCR amplification using the
18S
rRNA gene; 20 (21.9%) specimens reacted positively, of which 14 (15.4%)
were confirmed positive for
Hepatozoon
genotypes from within
H. canis
. Two (2.2%) specimens were found positive
for two different
Hepatozoon
genotypes.
Conclusions:
Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of
16S
rDNA sequences closely related to
A. phagocytophilum
and
Anaplasma
sp. South African Dog as well as two
H. canis
genotypes in both free-ranging and captive black-backed
jackals. Distinguishing between closely related lineages may provide insight into differences in pathogenicity and
virulence of various
Anaplasma
and
H. canis
genotypes. By building up a more comprehensive understanding of the
range and diversity of the bacteria and eukaryotic organisms (piroplasms and haemogregarines) in the blood of
indigenous canids, we may gain insight to such infections in these often-endangered species and the potential for
horizontal transmission to and from domestic dogs via ticks where favourable conditions exis
A novel Babesia sp. associated with clinical signs of babesiosis in domestic cats in South Africa
Abstract Background Feline babesiosis, sporadically reported from various countries, is of major clinical significance in South Africa, particularly in certain coastal areas. Babesia felis, B. leo, B. lengau and B. microti have been reported from domestic cats in South Africa. Blood specimens from domestic cats (n = 18) showing clinical signs consistent with feline babesiosis and confirmed to harbour Babesia spp. piroplasms by microscopy of blood smears and/or reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization were further investigated. Twelve of the RLB-positive specimens had reacted with the Babesia genus-specific probe only, which would suggest the presence of a novel or previously undescribed Babesia species. The aim of this study was to characterise these organisms using 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Results The parasite 18S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced from genomic DNA from blood samples. Assembled sequences were used to construct similarity matrices and phylogenetic relationships with known Babesia spp. Fifty-five 18S rRNA gene sequences were obtained. Sequences from 6 cats were most closely related to published B. felis sequences (99–100% sequence identity), while sequences from 5 cats were most closely related to B. leo sequences (99–100% sequence identity). One of these was the first record of B. leo in Mozambique. One sequence had 100% sequence identity with the published B. microti Otsu strain. The most significant finding was that sequences from 7 cats constituted a novel Babesia group with 96% identity to Babesia spp. previously recorded from a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), a raccoon (Procyon lotor) from the USA and feral raccoons from Japan, as well as from ticks collected from dogs in Japan. Conclusions Babesia leo was unambiguously linked to babesiosis in cats. Our results indicate the presence of a novel potentially pathogenic Babesia sp. in felids in South Africa, which is not closely related to B. felis, B. lengau and B. leo, the species known to be pathogenic to cats in South Africa. Due to the lack of an appropriate type-specimen, we refrain from describing a new species but refer to the novel organism as Babesia sp. cat Western Cape
Babesia lengau sp. nov., a Novel Babesia Species in Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, Schreber, 1775) Populations in South Africa ▿
In a previous paper, we reported on a large number of cheetah blood specimens that gave positive signals only for Babesia and/or Theileria genus-specific probes on the reverse line blot (RLB) assay, indicating the presence of a novel species or variant of an existing species. Some of these specimens were investigated further by microscopic, serological, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. The near-full-length 18S rRNA genes of 13 samples, as well as the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region, were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. A species-specific RLB probe, designed to target the hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene for detection of the novel Babesia sp., was used to screen an additional 137 cheetah blood specimens for the presence of the species. The prevalence of infection was 28.5%. Here we describe the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the novel species, which we have named Babesia lengau sp. nov
Babesia lengau associated with cerebral and haemolytic babesiosis in two domestic cats
Background: Although reported sporadically from various countries, feline babesiosis appears to be a significant
clinical entity only in South Africa, where Babesia felis is usually incriminated as the causative agent. Babesia lengau,
recently described from asymptomatic cheetahs, has now possibly been incriminated as the causative agent in two
severe clinical cases in domestic cats.
Findings: Both cats were euthanised in extremis. While typical feline babesiosis in South Africa is an afebrile
disease with a chronic manifestation, there was acute onset of severe clinical signs in both cats and their body
temperatures were above the normal range when they were presented for treatment. Haemolytic anaemia was
confirmed in one case. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cerebral babesiosis in cats.
On reverse line blot 18S rDNA PCR products obtained from both cats showed positive hybridization profiles with
the B. lengau species-specific probe. The two partial parasite 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained, showed high
sequence similarity (99.9%) to B. lengau. In a representative tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method
using the two-parameter model of Kimura the two obtained partial 18S rDNA sequences and that of B. lengau
formed a monophyletic group with B. conradae and sequences previously isolated from humans and wildlife in
the western USA.
Conclusion: All clinical cases of feline babesiosis in South Africa are not necessarily caused by B. felis. Other
piroplasms, e.g. B. lengau, may be incriminated in clinical cases, especially those occurring outside the known
endemic area.South African National Research Foundation grant (NRF grant GUN 2069496
Occurrence of Hepatozoon canis (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) and Anaplasma spp. (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) in South Africa
Abstract Background Domestic dogs are not native to sub-Saharan Africa, which may account for their susceptibility to Babesia rossi, of which endemic black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) are natural reservoirs. There is virtually no information on the occurrence of potentially pathogenic haemogregarines (e.g. Hepatozoon canis) or even rickettsial bacteria (e.g. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.) in indigenous canids in sub-Saharan Africa. Such organisms could pose a risk to domestic dogs, as well as to populations of endangered indigenous canid species. Results Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples taken from 126 free-ranging and 16 captive black-backed jackals was subjected to reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay; 82 (57.8%) specimens reacted only with the Ehrlichia/Anaplasma genera-specific probe. Full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene of five of these specimens was cloned and the recombinants sequenced. The ten 16S rDNA sequences obtained were most closely related, with approximately 99% identity, to Anaplasma sp. South African Dog, various uncultured Anaplasma spp., as well as various Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes. Ninety-one specimens were screened for haemogregarines through PCR amplification using the 18S rRNA gene; 20 (21.9%) specimens reacted positively, of which 14 (15.4%) were confirmed positive for Hepatozoon genotypes from within H. canis. Two (2.2%) specimens were found positive for two different Hepatozoon genotypes. Conclusions Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of 16S rDNA sequences closely related to A. phagocytophilum and Anaplasma sp. South African Dog as well as two H. canis genotypes in both free-ranging and captive black-backed jackals. Distinguishing between closely related lineages may provide insight into differences in pathogenicity and virulence of various Anaplasma and H. canis genotypes. By building up a more comprehensive understanding of the range and diversity of the bacteria and eukaryotic organisms (piroplasms and haemogregarines) in the blood of indigenous canids, we may gain insight to such infections in these often-endangered species and the potential for horizontal transmission to and from domestic dogs via ticks where favourable conditions exist
Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in caracals (Caracal caracal) living in human-modified landscapes of South Africa
Background:
Wild carnivores living alongside humans and domestic animals are vulnerable to changes in the infectious disease dynamics in their populations. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and diversity of selected tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of veterinary and/or zoonotic concern in wild populations of caracals (Caracal caracal) occurring in human-modified landscapes in South Africa. Using molecular techniques, we screened 57 caracal blood samples for infection by rickettsial bacteria and piroplasms in three regions of South Africa: rangeland in the Central Karoo (n = 27) and Namaqualand (n = 14) as well as the urban edge of the Cape Peninsula (n = 16) of South Africa. To characterise pathogen identity, we sequenced the 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes from positive samples and analysed sequences within a phylogenetic framework. We also examine the diversity of potential tick vectors.
Results:
All individuals tested were infected with at least one tick-borne pathogen. Pathogens included Hepatozoon felis, Babesia felis, Babesia leo and a potentially novel Babesia species. An Anaplasma species previously described in South African domestic dogs was also found in 88% of urban edge caracals. Higher rates of co-infection characterised urban edge caracals (81% vs 15% and 0% in the two rangeland populations), as well as a greater incidence of mixed infections. Host attached tick species include Haemaphysalis elliptica, an important pathogen vector among carnivore hosts.
Conclusions:
This study confirms the occurrence of previously undocumented tick-borne pathogens infecting free-ranging caracals in human-modified landscapes. We identify clear differences in the pathogen profiles among our study populations and discuss the likely health costs to caracals living adjacent to urban areas.Arts and Sciences, Irving K. Barber School of (Okanagan)Non UBCBiology, Department of (Okanagan)ReviewedFacult
TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics
The Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites Ltd. (TroCCAP) is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to independently inform, guide and make best-practice recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics and sub-tropics, with the aim of protecting animal and human health. In line with this primary mission, TroCCAP recently developed guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and control of feline and canine parasites in the tropics. The development of these guidelines required unique and complex considerations to be addressed, often inapplicable to developed nations. Much of the tropics encompass middle-to-low income countries in which poor standards of environmental hygiene and large populations of stray dogs and cats coexist. In these regions, a range of parasites pose a high risk to companion animals, which ultimately may place their owners at risk of acquiring parasitic zoonoses. These considerations led to the development of unique recommendations with regard, for example, to deworming and endoparasite testing intervals for the control of both global and 'region-specific' parasites in the tropics. Moreover, the 'off-' or 'extra'-label use of drugs for the treatment and control of parasitic infections is common practice in many tropical countries and many generic products lack manufacturers' information on efficacy, safety, and quality control. Recommendations and advice concerning the use of such drugs and protocols are also addressed in these guidelines. The formation of these guidelines is an important first step towards improving the education of veterinarians specifically regarding best-practice for the diagnosis, treatment and control of canine and feline parasites in the tropics
Piroplasms in brown hyaenas (Parahyaena brunnea) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Namibia and South Africa are closely related to Babesia lengau
The objective of our study was identification and molecular characterisation of piroplasms and
rickettsias occurring in brown (Parahyaena brunnea) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) from
various localities in Namibia and South Africa. Whole blood (n=59) and skin (n=3) specimens from
brown (n=15) and spotted hyaenas (n=47) were screened for the presence of Babesia, Theileria,
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species using the Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridization technique. PCR
products of 52/62 (83.9%) of the specimens hybridized only with the Theileria/Babesia genus-specific
probes and not with any of the species-specific probes, suggesting the presence of a novel species or
variant of a species. No Ehrlichia and/or Anaplasma species DNA could be detected. Parasite 18S
rRNA gene of brown (n=3) and spotted hyaena (n=6) specimens was subsequently amplified, cloned
and the recombinants sequenced. Homologous sequence searches of databases indicated that the
obtained sequences were most closely related to B. lengau, originally described from cheetahs
(Acinonyx jubatus). Observed sequence similarities were subsequently confirmed by phylogenetic
analyses which showed that the obtained hyaena sequences formed a monophyletic group with B.
lengau, B. conradae and sequences previously isolated from humans and wildlife in the western USA.
Within the B. lengau clade, the obtained sequences and the published B. lengau sequences grouped
into six distinct groups, of which groups I to V represented novel B. lengau genotypes and/or gene
variants. We suggest that these genotypes cannot be classified as new Babesia species, but rather as
variants of B. lengau. This is the first report of occurrence of piroplasms in brown hyaenas.http://link.springer.com/journal/4362018-02-28hb2017Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesVeterinary Tropical Disease