A study of the ecology of the Namaqua Sandgrouse and other arid-zone birds

Bibliography: leaves [148]-164.This field study set out to identify the key ecological factors influencing the population dynamics of the Namaqua Sandgrouse Pterocles namaqua, through an investigation of diet and the nutritional demands during different stages of the annual cycle, the timing of breeding seasons and movements in relation to patterns of rainfall-dependent food availability, breeding success and the factors limiting productivity. In addition, the nesting habits and success of 11 coexisting arid-zone bird species were examined to test a variety of hypotheses regarding the relationship between nest-predation rate and nest site, nest density, predator-avoidance behaviour, stage of the nesting cycle and season, and degree of residency. Furthermore, the importance of rainfall as a breeding stimulus and its effects on clutch size were investigated for several species. The Namaqua Sandgrouse is an obligate granivore at all times, feeding on the seeds of annual plants, primarily of the family Fabaceae. Even while breeding, energy is the first-limiting nutrient in the foods of adults. Growing chicks have a proportionally greater protein demand, and are more dependent than adults on protein-rich legume seeds to satisfy first-limiting amino acid requirements. The chick growth phase was identified as the most nutritionally demanding stage in the annual cycle. The breeding season was found to be unexpectedly variable, and not consistently correlated with periods of peak food availability

Predation on the tent tortoise Psammobates tentorius: a whodunit with the honey badger Mellivora capensis as prime suspect

The collection of 63 shells of the tent tortoise Psammobates tentorius in the Bushmanland Nama Karoo revealed that 49% of them had been cleanly broken open and the body of the tortoise removed. The line of the single break of the plastron approximated the humeral-pectoral joint of the overlying shields. The lack of tooth or other damage to the shells suggests that the break was effected by forcibly pulling back the anterior, projecting section of the plastron. The observation of the spoor of the honey badger Mellivora capensis at one such freshly killed tortoise suggests that it is the principal predator responsible for killing tortoises using this metho

COVID-19 and childcare: why many nurseries will struggle to weather the storm

Helen Penn, Antonia Simon, and Eva Lloyd explain why nurseries are struggling to cope with the costs of the ongoing pandemic. They write that, as in many other areas, the crisis highlights the effects of years of austerity on the sector

A study of the Pycnonotus bulbul species complex in Southern Africa

The three Pycnonotus bulbuls endemic to Africa, P. barbatus, P. nigricans and P. capensis, occupy mutually exclusive distributions in southern Africa. These species are closely related and appear to occupy very similar ecological niches, only in different regions. Using a multifaceted approach, this study attempts to explain the ecology of this species complex. All three species show similar physiological responses to temperature extremes, and are therefore unlikely to be directly limited by environmental temperature. However, their distributions are highly correlated to a complex of environmental variables, particularly winter minimum temperatures, the coefficient of variation in mean annual rainfall, and the seasonality of rainfall. This combination of environmental parameters can be used to predict the distributions of at least one of the species, P. nigricans, accurately. An analysis of the vocalizations and behaviour of the three species revealed that, whilst P. capensis has a number of recognizably different vocalizations, those of P. barbatus and P. nigricans are very similar. The three have nearly identical behaviours, particularly courtship and pre-copulatory behaviours. The mate recognition systems of the three are therefore extremely similar. P. barbatus is territorial during the breeding season, and exhibits highly structured-variation in male territorial song at the level of the local neighbourhood. The literature pertaining to song dialects is reviewed, and a new hypothesis is postulated to explain song-matching in terms of neighbour/stranger discrimination and the possible existence of cooperative territory defence. A survey of the eastern Cape region, where all three species come into contact, showed that extensive hybridization is taking place between each species pair. Phenotypically, this hybridization is restricted to narrow hybrid zones, that are considered to be stable in both time and place. The evolutionary and ecological significance of these zones to the distributions of the species is discussed, and it is proposed that the zones are maintained by selection acting on differentially-adapted genomes along an environmental gradient

The Costs of Childcare

This report was commissioned from the Childhood Wellbeing Research Centre by the Department of Education in response to public concern about the apparent high costs of childcare to parents in the UK. The Department requested a technical analysis of the current comparative literature and data on the affordability of childcare to parents. It also requested further analysis on the costs to providers of providing childcare; and on the contribution of governments in providing subsidies to parents and/or providers. The two agreed research questions were: 1. What is the scope and what are the limitations of the comparative literature on the net costs to parents (childcare fees) of using childcare? 2. Why are the net costs to parents in the UK so high, given the relatively high level of expenditure on Early Childhood Education and Childcare (ECEC)

Sexual conflict predicts morphology and behavior in two species of penduline tits

Background: The evolutionary interests of males and females rarely coincide (sexual conflict), and these conflicting interests influence morphology, behavior and speciation in various organisms. We examined consequences of variation in sexual conflict in two closely-related passerine birds with contrasting breeding systems: the Eurasian penduline tit Remiz pendulinus (EPT) exhibiting a highly polygamous breeding system with sexually antagonistic interests over parental care, and the socially monogamous Cape penduline tit Anthoscopus minutus (CPT). We derived four a priori predictions from sexual conflict theory and tested these using data collected in Central Europe (EPT) and South Africa (CPT). Firstly, we predicted that EPTs exhibit more sexually dimorphic plumage than CPTs due to more intense sexual selection. Secondly, we expected brighter EPT males to provide less care than duller males. Thirdly, since song is a sexually selected trait in many birds, male EPTs were expected to exhibit more complex songs than CPT males. Finally, intense sexual conflict in EPT was expected to lead to low nest attendance as an indication of sexually antagonistic interests, whereas we expected more cooperation between parents in CPT consistent with their socially monogamous breeding system. Results: Consistent with our predictions EPTs exhibited greater sexual dimorphism in plumage and more complex song than CPTs, and brighter EPT males provided less care than duller ones. EPT parents attended the nest less frequently and less simultaneously than CPT parents. Conclusions: These results are consistent with sexual conflict theory: species in which sexual conflict is more manifested (EPT) exhibited a stronger sexual dimorphism and more elaborated sexually selected traits than species with less intense sexual conflict (CPT). Our results are also consistent with the notion that EPTs attempt to force their partner to work harder as expected under sexual conflict: each member of the breeding pair attempts to shift the costs of care to the other parent. More brightly colored males benefit more from desertion than dull ones, because they are more likely to remate with a new female. Taken together, the comparison between two closely related species with contrasting breeding systems suggest that sexual conflict over care has influenced the evolution of behavior and morphology in penduline tits

The London childcare market

This report investigates the London Childcare Market. It was written for the London Development Agency by a team comprised of Roger Tym & Partners, Laing Buisson and the University of East London. 2. The LDA is concerned that there may be market failures operating in London which cause problems in the provision of childcare services. The hypothesis is that if these failures were corrected, then childcare in London might be more available and affordable. If this were the case, goes the logic, then parents would be able to return to the labour market, raising output and lifting more children out of poverty. 3. This report concentrates on paid for (formal) childcare provided for early years (0-5 years) children by OFSTED-registered establishments and individuals. In less detail, we also cover childcare for children aged 5, 6 and 7 years provided in OFSTED registered childcare settings such as out of school clubs and by OFSTED registered individuals such as childminders

The ecological and geographic context of morphological and genetic divergence in an understorey-dwelling bird

Advances in understanding the process of species formation require an integrated perspective that includes the evaluation of spatial, ecological and genetic components. One approach is to focus on multiple stages of divergence within the same species. Species that comprise phenotypically different populations segregated in apparently distinct habitats, in which range is presently continuous but was putatively geographically isolated provide an interesting system to study the mechanisms of population divergence. Here, we attempt to elucidate the role of ecology and geography in explaining observed morphological and genetic variation in an understorey-dwelling bird endemic to southeastern Africa, where two subspecies are recognized according to phenotype and habitat affinity. We carried out a range-wide analysis of climatic requirements, morphological and genetic variation across southeast Africa to test the hypothesis that the extent of gene flow among populations of the brown scrub-robin are influenced by their distinct climatic niches. We recovered two distinct trends depending on whether our analyses were hierarchically structured at the subspecies or at the within subspecies level. Between subspecies we found pronounced morphological differentiation associated with strong reproductive isolation (no gene flow) between populations occupying divergent climatic niches characterized by changes in the temperature of the warmest and wettest month. In contrast, within subspecies, we recovered continuous morphological variation with extensive gene flow among populations inhabiting the temperate and sub-tropical forests of southern Africa, despite divergence along the climate axis that is mainly determined by minimum temperature and precipitation of the coldest months. Our results highlight the role of niche divergence as a diversifying force that can promote reproductive isolation in vertebrates

What is known about the long-term economic impact of centre-based early childhood interventions?

There is a substantial literature about cost-benefi t studies of social welfare interventions. It is widely assumed, and widely quoted by politicians and policymakers, that early childhood interventions in particular are effective and bring returns in the order of seven dollars saved for every one dollar spent. These savings do not appear to be apparent until the children who received the intervention reach adulthood. We wished to scrutinise this evidence in detail