Disentangling the veil line for Brazilian biodiversity: An overview from two long-term research programs reveals huge gaps in ecological data reporting

The lack of synthesized information regarding biodiversity is a major problem among researchers, leading to a pervasive cycle where ecologists make field campaigns to collect information that already exists and yet has not been made available for a broader audience. This problem leads to long-lasting effects in public policies such as spending money multiple times to conduct similar studies in the same area. We aim to identify this knowledge gap by synthesizing information available regarding two Brazilian long-term biodiversity programs and the metadata generated by them. Using a unique dataset containing 1904 metadata, we identified patterns of metadata distribution and intensity of research conducted in Brazil, as well as where we should concentrate research efforts in the next decades. We found that the majority of metadata were about vertebrates, followed by plants, invertebrates, and fungi. Caatinga was the biome with least metadata, and that there's still a lack of information regarding all biomes in Brazil, with none of them being sufficiently sampled. We hope that these results will have implications for broader conservation and management guiding, as well as to funding allocation programs.Coordenacao de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375, AMMuseu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Avenida Magalhaes Barata 376, ParaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Mato GrossoUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas GeraisUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, Rio Grande do SulUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia e Conservacao da Biodiversidade Laboratorio de Ecologia Aplicada a Conservacao Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna, Km 16, Salobrinho, BAInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Avenida Andre Araujo 2936, AMCoordenacao de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, AMUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade UniversitariaMuseu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Coordenacao de zoologia, Av. Perimetral, 1901 - Terra Firme, PAPrograma de Pos-Graduacao em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual de Roraima, Rua 7 de Setembro, 231, Bairro Canarinho, RoraimaUniversidade Federal de PernambucoDepartamento de Biologia Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, RondoniaInstituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Mamiraua, Estrada do Bexiga, AmazonasUniversidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, AmazonasUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Departamento de Biologia, Dom Manuel de Medeiros street, Dois IrmaosInstituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Senador Furtado street, 121Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias da Saude Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, ParaInstituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia Farroupilha, RSDepartamento de Ciencias Ambientais Instituto de Florestas Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, km 7, SeropedicaPrograma de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de Roraima, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413Instituto Jurua, Rua Ajuricaba, 359, Aleixo, AMDepartamento de Biologia Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de Rondonia, Presidente Dutra AvenueInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia Nucleo de Pesquisas de RoraimaDepartamento de Biologia Centro de Ciencias Exatas Naturais e da Saude Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo Guararema, Espirito SantoUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucao, Rio Grande do SulPrograma de Pos-Graduacao em Biodiversidade Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, ParaDepartamento de Biologia Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de Rondonia, Presidente Dutra AvenueEmbrapa Roraima, Avenida Brazil 3911, RoraimaLaboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais CBB Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de JaneiroInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade, Sao PauloInstituto Pro-Pampa (IPPampa) Laboratorio de Ornitologia, Rua Uruguai, 1242, Bairro Centro, Rio Grande do SulUniversidade Federal do Amazonas General Rodrigo Otavio street Coroado, AmazonasInstituto Socioambiental - ISA, Costa e Silva, 116, Sao Pedro, RoraimaUniversidade de Sao PauloInstituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao, 915Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Producao Vegetal Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas GeraisPontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul Ipiranga, Avenue, 6681, Partenon, Rio Grande do SulUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa CatarinaRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Biodiversity Genomics and AnalyticsInstituto de Biociencias Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do SulUniversidade de TurkuInstituto Biotropicos, Minas GeraisEmpresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Corumba, Mato Grosso do SulUniversidade Estadual do MaranhaoUniversidade da Regiao de Joinville, Santa CatarinaUniversidade Federal de Rondonia, RondoniaInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de JaneiroHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ Department of Conservation Biology & Social-Ecological SystemsDepartamento de Ciencias Ambientais Instituto de Florestas Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, km 7, Rio de JaneiroEmbrapa Amazonia Oriental, ParaMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao PauloUniversidade Federal do Parana, ParanaUniversidade Federal do Pampa, Rio Grande do SulUniversidade Federal do Acre, AcreInstituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade, RJEdge Hill University, LancashireUniversidad Tecnica Estatal de QuevedoInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneiroInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazoniaInstituto Tecnologico Vale, ParaPrinceton UniversityUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, Mato GrossoInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia Nucleo de Pesquisas de Rondonia, RondoniaUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociencias, Campus Rio ClaroDepartamento de Botanica Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Predio da Biodiversidade, Rua UO, s/n, Rio de JaneiroUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, Mato GrossoUniversidade Federal do Espirito SantoUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociencias, Campus Rio Clar

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

International audienceThis document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment