Le gisement pléistocène moyen de Galeria Pesada (Estrémadure, Portugal) : premiers résultats

Les fouilles de la grotte de Galeria Pesada (complexe karstique d’Almonda, Torres Novas) livrent de riches assemblages lithiques et osseux datés du Pléistocène moyen final (fouilles 1997-1999). Les ensembles lithiques sont caractérisés par une combinaison d’outils classiques de l’Acheuléen, d’une abondante série d’outils bifaciaux (foliacés, petits bifaces asymétriques, Keilmesser, etc.) et de nombreux racloirs, souvent en quartz. Cette industrie n’a pas d’équivalent jusqu’à présent dans la Péninsule ibérique. Elle est associée à une faune dominée par les Cervidés et les Equidés dont les ossements présentent un fort pourcentage de marques de boucherie, démontrant une exploitation intensive (consommation) des carcasses par les anciens hominidés.Excavations at the late Middle Pleistocene cave site of Galeria Pesada in Portuguese Estremadura have uncovered a series of lithic assemblages associated with abundant faunal remains (Excavations 1997-1999). The lithic assemblages are all similar and consist of a combination of a few classic Acheulean tools, a rich series of bifacial tools (foliates, small asymmetric bifaces, Keilmesser, etc.), and a large number of scrapers, often on quartz. These assemblages, unknown to date in the rest of Iberia, are associated with Cervids and Equids, cut marks on bones indicate extensive and intensive carcass modification and consumption by hominids

Factors associated with the development of septic shock in patients with candidemia: A post hoc analysis from two prospective cohorts

Background: Almost one third of the patients with candidemia develop septic shock. The understanding why some patients do and others do not develop septic shock is very limited. The objective of this study was to identify variables associated with septic shock development in a large population of patients with candidemia. Methods: A post hoc analysis was performed on two prospective, multicenter cohort of patients with candidemia from 12 hospitals in Spain and Italy. All episodes occurring from September 2016 to February 2018 were analyzed to assess variables associated with septic shock development defined according to The Third International Consensus Definition for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Results: Of 317 candidemic patients, 99 (31.2%) presented septic shock attributable to candidemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identifies the following factors associated with septic shock development: age > 50 years (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.03-6.41, p = 0.04), abdominal source of the infection (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.04-4.55, p = 0.04), and admission to a general ward at the time of candidemia onset (OR 0.21, 95% CI, 0.12-0.44, p = 0.001). Septic shock development was independently associated with a greater risk of 30-day mortality (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.08-4.24, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Age and abdominal source of the infection are the most important factors significantly associated with the development of septic shock in patients with candidemia. Our findings suggest that host factors and source of the infection may be more important for development of septic shock than intrinsic virulence factors of organisms

Method-dependent epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) for detection of triazole resistance in Candida and Aspergillus species for the SYO colorimetric broth and Etest agar diffusion methods

Although the Sensitrite Yeast-One (SYO) and Etest methods are widely utilized, interpretive criteria are not available for triazole susceptibility testing of Candida or Aspergillus species. We collected fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole SYO and Etest MICs from 39 laboratories representing all continents for (method-agent-dependent): 11,171 Candida albicans, 215 C. dubliniensis, 4,418 C. glabrata species complex (SC), 157 C. (Meyerozyma) guilliermondii, 676 C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii), 298 C (Clavispora) lusitaniae, 911 and 3,691 C. parapsilosissensu stricto (SS) and C. parapsilosisSC, respectively, 36 C. metapsilosis, 110 C. orthopsilosis, 1,854 C. tropicalis, 244 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1,409 Aspergillus fumigatus, 389 A. flavus, 130 A. nidulans, 233 A. niger, and 302 A. terreus complexes. SYO/Etest MICs for 282 confirmed non-WT isolates were included: ERG11 (C. albicans), ERG11 and MRR1 (C. parapsilosis), cyp51A (A. fumigatus), and CDR2, CDR1 overexpression (C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively). Interlaboratory modal agreement was superior by SYO for yeast spp., and by the Etest for Aspergillus spp. Distributions fulfilling CLSI criteria for ECV definition were pooled and we proposed SYO ECVs for S. cerevisiae, 9 yeast and 3 Aspergillus species, and Etest ECVs for 5 yeast and 4 Aspergillus species. The posaconazole SYO ECV of 0.06 \ub5g/ml for C. albicans and the Etest itraconazole ECV of 2 \ub5g/ml for A. fumigatus were the best predictors of non-WT isolates. These findings support the need for method-dependent ECVs, as overall, the SYO appears to perform better for susceptibility testing of yeast spp. and the Etest for Aspergillus spp. Further evaluations should be conducted with more Candida mutants

Integrating climate change criteria in reforestation projects using a hybrid decision-support system

The selection of appropriate species in a reforestation project has always been a complex decision making problem in which, due mostly to government policies and other stakeholders, not only economic criteria but also other environmental issues interact. Climate change has not usually been taken into account in traditional reforestation decision-making strategies and management procedures. Moreover, there is a lack of agreement on the percentage of each one of the species in reforestation planning, which is usually calculated in a discretionary way. In this context, an effective multicriteria technique has been developed in order to improve the process of selecting species for reforestation in the Mediterranean region of Spain. A hybrid Delphi-AHP methodology is proposed, which includes a consistency analysis in order to reduce random choices. As a result, this technique provides an optimal percentage distribution of the appropriate species to be used in reforestation planning. The highest values of the weight given for each subcriteria corresponded to FR (fire forest response) and PR (pests and diseases risk), because of the increasing importance of the impact of climate change in the forest. However, CB (conservation of biodiversitiy)was in the third position in line with the aim of reforestation. Therefore, the most suitable species were Quercus faginea (19.75%) and Quercus ilex (19.35%), which offer a good balance between all the factors affecting the success and viability of reforestation.Curiel Esparza, J.; González Utrillas, NV.; Cantó Perelló, J.; Martín Utrillas, MG. (2015). Integrating climate change criteria in reforestation projects using a hybrid decision-support system. Environmental Research Letters. 10(9):1-13. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094022S113109Amraoui, M., Pereira, M. G., DaCamara, C. C., & Calado, T. J. (2015). Atmospheric conditions associated with extreme fire activity in the Western Mediterranean region. 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A phytoclimatic approach to defining management alternatives. Forest Systems, 19(3), 329. doi:10.5424/fs/2010193-8694Gilman, S. E., Urban, M. C., Tewksbury, J., Gilchrist, G. W., & Holt, R. D. (2010). A framework for community interactions under climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(6), 325-331. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.03.002GÓMEZ-APARICIO, L., GARCÍA-VALDÉS, R., RUÍZ-BENITO, P., & ZAVALA, M. A. (2011). Disentangling the relative importance of climate, size and competition on tree growth in Iberian forests: implications for forest management under global change. Global Change Biology, 17(7), 2400-2414. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02421.xGomontean, B., Gajaseni, J., Edwards-Jones, G., & Gajaseni, N. (2008). The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: A case study in northeastern Thailand. Ecological Indicators, 8(5), 614-624. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.08.006González, J. R., & Pukkala, T. (2007). Characterization of forest fires in Catalonia (north-east Spain). European Journal of Forest Research, 126(3), 421-429. doi:10.1007/s10342-006-0164-0Hitsuma, G., Morisawa, T., & Yagihashi, T. (2015). Orthotropic lateral branches contribute to shade tolerance and survival ofThujopsis dolabratavar.hondaisaplings by altering crown architecture and promoting layering. Botany, 93(6), 353-360. doi:10.1139/cjb-2014-0237Hockmann, K., Tandy, S., Lenz, M., Reiser, R., Conesa, H. M., Keller, M., … Schulin, R. (2015). Antimony retention and release from drained and waterlogged shooting range soil under field conditions. Chemosphere, 134, 536-543. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.020Hofmann, G. E., & Todgham, A. E. (2010). Living in the Now: Physiological Mechanisms to Tolerate a Rapidly Changing Environment. Annual Review of Physiology, 72(1), 127-145. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135900Hunt, D. V. L., Nash, D., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2014). Sustainable utility placement via Multi-Utility Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 39, 15-26. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.001Hódar, J. A., Zamora, R., & Cayuela, L. (2011). Climate change and the incidence of a forest pest in Mediterranean ecosystems: can the North Atlantic Oscillation be used as a predictor? Climatic Change, 113(3-4), 699-711. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0371-7Kane, B., & Finn, J. T. (2014). Factors affecting branch failures in open-grown trees during a snowstorm in Massachusetts, USA. SpringerPlus, 3(1). doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-720Kaya, T., & Kahraman, C. (2011). Fuzzy multiple criteria forestry decision making based on an integrated VIKOR and AHP approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(6), 7326-7333. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.12.003Kinoshita, A. M., & Hogue, T. S. (2015). Increased dry season water yield in burned watersheds in Southern California. Environmental Research Letters, 10(1), 014003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014003Koprowski, M., & Duncker, P. (2012). Tree ring width and wood density as the indicators of climatic factors and insect outbreaks affecting spruce growth. Ecological Indicators, 23, 332-337. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.007Kukavskaya, E. A., Buryak, L. V., Ivanova, G. A., Conard, S. G., Kalenskaya, O. P., Zhila, S. V., & McRae, D. J. (2013). Influence of logging on the effects of wildfire in Siberia. Environmental Research Letters, 8(4), 045034. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045034Lau, J. A., & Lennon, J. T. (2012). Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(35), 14058-14062. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202319109Lenoir, J., Gegout, J. C., Marquet, P. A., de Ruffray, P., & Brisse, H. (2008). A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century. Science, 320(5884), 1768-1771. doi:10.1126/science.1156831Lupp, G., Konold, W., & Bastian, O. (2013). Landscape management and landscape changes towards more naturalness and wilderness: Effects on scenic qualities—The case of the Müritz National Park in Germany. Journal for Nature Conservation, 21(1), 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2012.08.003Marques, A. F., Fricko, A., Kangas, A., Rosset, C., Ferreti, F., Rasinmaki, J., … Gordon, S. (2013). Empirical guidelines for forest management decision support systems based on the past experiences of the expert’s community. Forest Systems, 22(2), 320. doi:10.5424/fs/2013222-03033Martin-Utrillas, M., Juan-Garcia, F., Canto-Perello, J., & Curiel-Esparza, J. (2014). Optimal infrastructure selection to boost regional sustainable economy. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-9. doi:10.1080/13504509.2014.954023Martin-Utrillas, M., Reyes-Medina, M., Curiel-Esparza, J., & Canto-Perello, J. (2014). Hybrid method for selection of the optimal process of leachate treatment in waste treatment and valorization plants or landfills. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 17(4), 873-885. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0834-4Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Arcenegui, V., Jordán, A., & Zavala, L. M. (2011). Fire effects on soil aggregation: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 109(1-2), 44-60. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.08.002Meddour-Sahar, O., Meddour, R., Leone, V., Lovreglio, R., & Derridj, A. (2013). Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(5), 247-254. doi:10.3832/ifor0098-006Mendoza, G. A., & Martins, H. (2006). Multi-criteria decision analysis in natural resource management: A critical review of methods and new modelling paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management, 230(1-3), 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.023Moreno, J. M., Viedma, O., Zavala, G., & Luna, B. (2011). Landscape variables influencing forest fires in central Spain. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20(5), 678. doi:10.1071/wf10005Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M., Griffith, D. M., Ramírez-Soria, M. J., Pariona, W., Golicher, D., & Palacios, G. (2011). Enrichment of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in logging gaps in Bolivia: The effects of planting method and silvicultural treatments on long-term seedling survival and growth. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(12), 2271-2280. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.020Nielsen, M. R., & Treue, T. (2012). Hunting for the Benefits of Joint Forest Management in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot: Effects on Bushmeat Hunters and Wildlife in the Udzungwa Mountains. World Development, 40(6), 1224-1239. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.009Ojea, E., Ruiz-Benito, P., Markandya, A., & Zavala, M. A. (2012). Wood provisioning in Mediterranean forests: A bottom-up spatial valuation approach. Forest Policy and Economics, 20, 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2012.03.003Orsi, F., Geneletti, D., & Newton, A. C. (2011). Towards a common set of criteria and indicators to identify forest restoration priorities: An expert panel-based approach. Ecological Indicators, 11(2), 337-347. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.001Paoletti, E. (2005). Ozone slows stomatal response to light and leaf wounding in a Mediterranean evergreen broadleaf, Arbutus unedo. Environmental Pollution, 134(3), 439-445. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.011Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37(1), 637-669. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100Pettorelli, N. (2012). Climate change as a main driver of ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(3), 542-545. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02146.xRamos, M. C., & Martínez-Casasnovas, J. A. (2015). 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Algunos aspectos de la ecología de los micromamíferos del País Vasco.

En base al material de egagrópilas de 191 localidades del País Vasco y de zonas de Burgos y La Rioja, se han estudiado diversos aspectos de la ecología de los pequeños mamíferos. El cálculo de las líneas de diversidad permite construir un paralelismo entre la línea para H'= 1.5 y la isoyeta de 800 mm.   Se puede observar una fuerte correlación entre la precipitación y la diversidad. Las líneas de porcentaje muestran la distribución de las especies en el territorio en estudio. La matriz de correlación entre las diferentes especies muestra por un lado un grupo de especies centroeuropeas: Crocidura   suaveolens, Sorex coronatus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, Pitymys pyrenaicus, Microtus agrestis y Microtus minutus, y por otro un grupo de especies mediterráneas: Mus sp., Suncus etruscus y   Pitymys duodecimcostatus. Entre las variables ambientales analizadas se puede destacar la precipitación, correlacionada significativamente con 11 especies, mientras la isoterma media anual presenta, únicamente, 6 correlaciones significativas

Comparison of Anidulafungin MICs Determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Broth Microdilution Method (M27-A3 Document) and Etest for Candida Species Isolates ▿

Anidulafungin Etest and CLSI MICs were compared for 143 Candida sp. isolates to assess essential (within 2 log2 dilutions) and categorical agreements (according to three susceptibility breakpoints). Based on agreement percentages, our data indicated that Etest is not suitable to test anidulafungin against Candida parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii (54.4 to 82.4% essential and categorical agreements) but is more suitable for C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis (87.9 to 100% categorical agreement)

Comparison of 24-Hour and 48-Hour Voriconazole MICs as Determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Broth Microdilution Method (M27-A3 Document) in Three Laboratories: Results Obtained with 2,162 Clinical Isolates of Candida spp. and Other Yeasts▿

We evaluated the performance of the 24-h broth microdilution voriconazole MIC by obtaining MICs for 2,162 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and other yeasts; the 24-h results were compared to 48-h reference MICs to assess essential, as well as categorical, agreement. Although the overall essential agreement was 88.6%, it ranged from 96.4 to 100% for 6 of the 11 species or groups of yeasts tested. The overall categorical agreement was 93.2%, and it was above 90% for eight species. However, unacceptable percentages of very major errors (false susceptibility) were observed for Candida albicans (2.7%), C. glabrata (4.1%), C. tropicalis (9.7%), and other less common yeast species (9.8%). Since it is essential to identify potentially resistant isolates and breakpoints are based on 48-h MICs, it appears that the 24-h MIC is not as clinically useful as the 48-h reference MIC. However, further characterization of these falsely susceptible MICs for three of the four common Candida spp. is needed to understand whether these errors are due to trailing misinterpretation or if the 48-h incubation is required to detect voriconazole resistance. Either in vivo versus in vitro correlations or the determination of resistance mechanisms should be investigated