El anidamiento institucional y su dinámica histórica en comunidades rurales complejas. Dos estudios de caso (Navarra, siglos XIV-XX)

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of nested governance of common-pool resources from a long-term perspective. Our main research questions are: How was nesting articulated in pre-industrial societies? Which were their advantages and risks? Which are the factors that explain their origin and dynamics? To answer them, we analyse two historical case studies of nested regimens. In particular, the Valley of Roncal and the Sierra de Lokiz, both of them situated in Navarre, arranged across several levels the management and use of grazing pastures and forests by the 14th century.Entre los célebres principios de diseño institucional enunciados por Elinor Ostrom en 1990 ocupa un lugar destacado, en tanto que cierra y subsume los anteriores, el conocido como “nesting principle”. No es difícil reconocer en este principio numerosos casos de comunidades rurales históricas que se articulaban a diferentes niveles, con o sin una jerarquización expresa. Tras una revisión de la literatura en torno a este problema se plantea el estudio de dos casos concretos ubicados en Navarra pero con diferencias constitucionales entre sí: el valle pirenaico de Roncal, marcado por la centralidad de la trashumancia ganadera, y los cinco valles que circundan la Sierra de Lokiz, un bloque de 25 aldeas que compartían la propiedad de un amplio territorio intersticial. Nuestro objetivo consiste, en primer lugar, en identificar y clasificar las formas de anidamiento, ubicando los casos estudiados en esa tipología. En segundo lugar, se trata de contribuir a desentrañar la lógica de estos sistemas policéntricos, sopesando distintas hipótesis y valorando el papel del conflicto en su surgimiento y evolución

Українська дияволіада: етимологізаційний аспект

Стаття присвячена проблемі використання української демонології на сторінках літературних творів як засобу прояву агресії. На прикладі аналізу творів О. Стороженка, С. Руданського, Т. Осьмачки, В. Барки, Ю. Андруховича проаналізовано етимологічний аспект образу диявола в літературі, осмислення його не тільки як деструктивного засобу для прояву літературної агресії, але і як позитивного начала, психологічного засобу звільнення від стресу та психопатичних комплексів.Статья посвящена рассмотрению использования украинской демонологии на страницах литературных произведений как средства проявления агрессии. На примере анализа произведений О. Стороженко, С. Руданского, Т. Осьмачки, В. Барки, Ю. Андруховича проанализировано этимологический аспект образа дьявола в литературе, осмысление его не только как деструктивное средство для проявления литературной агрессии, но и как позитивное начало, психологическое средство освобождения от стресса и психопатических комплексов.The article is dedicated to consideration of the usage of Ukrainian demonology in literary works as a means of aggressive expression. On the pattern of the analysis of O.Storoghtnko, S.Rudanskiy, T.Osmachka, V.Barka, Y.Andruhovich’s works an attempt of image etymology of the devil in literature was made. He was comprehended not only expression but also as a positive beginning, psychological means to free from stress and psychopathic complexes

`Hombres que entre las raíces´: Plantation colonies, slave rebellions and land redistribution in Saint Domingue and Cuba at the late colonial period, c. 1750 – c. 1860

In the last years, the work by Engerman and Sokoloff (ES) on the divergent development paths within the Americas has provided an important backing to the institutionalist school. In line with the work by Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, ES assume the existence of institutional persistence: once accepted the resilient nature of the institutional framework, it becomes easier to trace a link between an adverse colonial heritage and an unsatisfactory economic performance at present. Nevertheless, this interpretation, satisfactory as it is at the ‘big picture’ level, may also obscure both the presence of noteworthy causal relations and the agency of other actors. I am concerned with two questions. First: How to explain substantial differences in economic performance (particularly, land inequality) between ES’s same type of colony? Second: Is it possible to include the role of non-European agency in the development narrative? The comparative study of the plantation economies of Saint Domingue and Cuba at the late colonial period sheds light on these issues. The intrinsic instability of the plantation colonies and, in some cases, the outbreak of slave rebellions with their visible impact on the institutions and the economic performance suggest more nuanced analysis. I conclude that the recognition of both political economy factors and non-European agency in the process of economic change could benefit ongoing research on the (colonial) origins of comparative developmen

La repoblación forestal en España: las especies utilizadas desde 1877 a partir de las cartografías forestales

En España, la actividad repobladora moderna comenzó en la segunda mitad del siglo xix. Este artículo analiza qué uso se hizo de las diferentes especies forestales en el periodo comprendido entre 1877 y 2013. Un periodo que subdividimos en tres etapas: 1877-1939, 1940-1984 y 1985-2013. Como fuentes documentales, utilizamos las series estadísticas forestales oficiales y las cartografías forestales de 1966 y 1997, que informan de una superficie repoblada que es, respectivamente, un 33% y 18% superior a la indicada por aquéllas. Ello confirma la importancia que tuvo la repoblación en la transformación del paisaje. Las cartografías forestales, cuya utilidad para corregir las deficiencias de las estadísticas oficiales queda así confirmada, también recogieron la rápida expansión en el territorio de las especies de crecimiento rápido, como el eucalipto, el pino de Monterrey, el pino gallego y el chopo, que en 1997 ocupaban el 46% de la superficie total repoblada. El resto de las repoblaciones se realizaron con especies autóctonas del género Pinus, que fueron las más utilizadas en las tres etapas. Sin embargo, en la última etapa las especies mediterráneas del género Quercus fueron las más usadas en las repoblaciones realizadas por particulares.The modern reforestation of Spain began in the second half of the nineteenth century. The aim of this study is to analyze the tree species involved and the three different historical stages that occurred between 1877 and 2013. This analysis is based on the official statistical series and national forest maps (NFMs) published in 1966 and 1997. Using NFMs, the estimated total reforested area was found to be, respectively, 33 and 18% higher than the estimates available in the official statistics for the corresponding historical periods. This highlights the great importance that reforestation has had in shaping the Spanish landscape, as well as the value of NFMs in filling the gaps arising from data based entirely on statistical series only. The NFMs of 1966 and 1997 explain the rapid spread of fast-growing species such as eucalyptus, Monterrey and Maritime pines and poplars, which represent up to 46% of the total reforested area according to the NFM of 1997. However, native pine have been the predominant species in reforestation throughout this historical period although, from 1993 onwards, the use of native hardwoods, especially certain species of oak, came to dominate reforestation projects on privately-owned land. The national reforestation maps presented here allow further research on the spatial-temporal evolution of the reforested areas in order to gain further insights into the resulting forested stands and landscapes

PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Parasitic infections are rarely documented in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. However, they may be responsible for fatal complications that are only diagnosed at autopsy. Increased awareness of the possibility of parasitic diseases both in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant patients is relevant not only for implementing preventive measures but also for performing an early diagnosis and starting appropriate therapy for these unrecognized but fatal infectious complications in hematopoietic transplant recipients. In this review, we will focus on parasitic diseases occurring in this population especially those with major clinical relevance including toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and strongyloidiasis, among others, highlighting the diagnosis and management in hematopoietic transplant recipients