290 research outputs found
Geoscience of Climate and Energy 8. Climate Models: Are They Compatible with Geological Constraints on Earth System Processes?
Models of the global warming process are obliged to include many important small-scale processes that cannot be explicitly represented, given the low spatial and temporal resolution at which the models can be integrated. As the parameterizations of these processes, in terms of the resolved scale fields, must be tuned to permit them to enable the models to fit climate observations from the instrumental era, it is an issue as to whether such models remain robust when they are applied to the prediction of future warming trends. Geological inferences of past climate conditions provide a means by which the robustness of the models may be assessed. In this paper, two examples of such tests are described, both of which demonstrate that a state-of-the-art model is able to accurately simulate past conditions that differ radically from modern.
SOMMAIRE
Les modèles de processus de réchauffement climatique de la planète doivent intégrer de nombreux et importants processus à petite échelle, lesquels ne peuvent être représentés de façon explicite, étant donné la faible résolution spatiale et temporelle des modèles climatiques. Comme le paramétrage de ces processus, à leur échelle propre, doit être ajusté de manière à permettre aux modèles de correspondre à l'observation du climat de l'aire instrumentale, il faut savoir si de tels modèles peuvent demeurer robustes lorsqu’ils sont utilisés pour prévoir les tendances de réchauffement à venir. Or, les inférences climatiques passées déduites de situations géologiques constituent un moyen de tester la robustesse des modèles. Dans le présent article, deux exemples de ces tests sont décrits, et ceux-ci montrent que les modèles actuels sont capables de reproduire avec précision des conditions climatiques anciennes très différentes des conditions actuelles
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Associations between Indoor Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Infections among Under-Five Children in Afghanistan: Do SES and Sex Matter?
Background: Low-income families often depend on fuels such as wood, coal, and animal dung for cooking. Such solid fuels are highly polluting and are a primary source of indoor air pollutants (IAP). We examined the association between solid fuel use (SFU) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) among under-five children in Afghanistan and the extent to which this association varies by socioeconomic status (SES) and gender. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on de-identified data from Afghanistan’s first standard Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2015. The sample consists of ever-married mothers with under-five children in the household (n = 27,565). We used mixed-effect Poisson regression models with robust error variance accounting for clustering to examine the associations between SFU and ARI among under-five children after adjusting for potential confounders. We also investigated potential effect modification by SES and sex. Additional analyses were conducted using an augmented measure of the exposure to IAP accounting for both SFU and the location of cooking/kitchen (High Exposure, Moderate, and No Exposure). Results: Around 70.2% of households reported SFU, whereas the prevalence of ARI was 17.6%. The prevalence of ARI was higher in children living in households with SFU compared to children living in households with no SFU (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 1.10; 95% CI: (0.98, 1.23)). We did not observe any effect modification by SES or child sex. When using the augmented measure of exposure incorporating the kitchen’s location, children highly exposed to IAP had a higher prevalence of ARI compared to unexposed children (aPR = 1.17; 95% CI: (1.03, 1.32)). SES modified this association with the strongest associations observed among children from the middle wealth quintile. Conclusion: The findings have significant policy implications and suggest that ARI risk in children may be reduced by ensuring there are clean cookstoves as well as clean fuels and acting on the socio-environmental pathways
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Roadside Exposure and Inflammation Biomarkers among a Cohort of Traffic Police in Kathmandu, Nepal
Air pollution is a major environmental problem in the Kathmandu Valley. Specifically, roadside and traffic-related air pollution exposure levels were found at very high levels exceeding Nepal air quality standards for daily PM2.5. In an exposure study involving traffic police officers, we collected 78 blood samples in a highly polluted spring season (16 February 2014–4 April 2014) and 63 blood samples in the less polluted summer season (20 July 2014–22 August 2014). Fourteen biomarkers, i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were analyzed in collected blood samples using proinflammatory panel 1 kits and vascular injury panel 2 kits. All the inflammatory biomarker levels were higher in the summer season than in the spring season, while particulate levels were higher in the spring season than in the summer season. We did not find significant association between 24-hour average PM2.5 or black carbon (BC) exposure levels with most of analyzed biomarkers for the traffic volunteers working and residing near busy roads in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2014. Inflammation and vascular injury marker concentrations were generally higher in females, suggesting the important role of gender in inflammation biomarkers. Because of the small sample size of female subjects, further investigation with a larger sample size is required to confirm the role of gender in inflammation biomarkers
4-Nitrophenyl α-l-rhamnopyranoside hemihydrate
In the title compound, C12H15NO7·0.5H2O, there are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, together with one water molecule. The pyranoside rings each have close to a 1
C
4 chair conformation and the nitro groups are almost coplanar with the benzene rings. The water molecule links the two independent molecules through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. All the hydroxyl groups are involved in hydrogen-bond interactions, giving rise to a three-dimensional network
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Addressing decontaminated respirators: Some methods appear to damage mask integrity and protective function
Decontamination of N95 respirators is being used by clinicians in the face of a global shortage of these devices. Some treatments for decontamination, such as some vaporized hydrogen peroxide methods or ultraviolet methods, had no impact on respiratory performance, while other treatments resulted in substantial damage to masks
Low-cost sensors for the measurement of atmospheric composition: overview of topic and future applications
Measurement of reactive air pollutants and greenhouse gases underpin a huge variety of applications that span from academic research through to regulatory functions and services for individuals, governments, and businesses. Whilst the vast majority of these observations continue to use established analytical reference methods, miniaturization has led to a growth in the prominence of a generation of devices that are often described generically as “low-cost sensors” (LCSs). LCSs can in practice have other valuable features other than cost that differentiate them from previous technologies including being of smaller size, lower weight and having reduced power consumption. Different technologies falling within this class include passive electrochemical and metal oxide sensors that may have costs of only a few dollars each, through to more complex microelectromechanical devices that use the same analytical principles as reference instruments, but in smaller size and power packages. As a class of device, low-cost sensors encompass a very wide range of technologies and as a consequence they produce a wide range of quality of measurements. When selecting a LCS approach for a particular task, users need to ensure the specific sensor to be used will meet application’s data quality requirements. This report considers sensors that are designed for the measurement of atmospheric composition at ambient concentrations focusing on reactive gaseous air pollutants (CO, NOx, O3, SO2), particulate matter (PM) and greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4. It examines example applications where new scientific and technical insight may potentially be gained from using a network of sensors when compared to more sparsely located observations. Access to low-cost sensors appears to offer exciting new atmospheric applications, can support new services and potentially facilitates the inclusion of a new cohort of users. Based on the scientific literature available up to the end of 2017, it is clear however that some trade-offs arise when LCSs are used in place of existing reference methods. Smaller and/or lower cost devices tend to be less sensitive, less precise and less chemically-specific to the compound or variable of interest. This is balanced by a potential increase in the spatial density of measurements that can be achieved by a network of sensors. The current state of the art in terms of accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of a range of different sensors is described along with the key analytical principles and what has been learned so far about low-cost sensors from both laboratory studies and real-world tests. A summary of concepts is included on how sensors and reference instruments may be used together, as well as with modelling in a complementary way, to improve data quality and generate additional insight into pollution behaviour. The report provides some advice on key considerations when matching a project/study/application with an appropriate sensor monitoring strategy, and the wider application-specific requirements for calibration and data quality. The report contains a number of suggestions on future requirements for low-cost sensors aimed at manufacturers and users and for the broader atmospheric community. The report highlights that low-cost sensors are not currently a direct substitute for reference instruments, especially for mandatory purposes; they are however a complementary source of information on air quality, provided an appropriate sensor is used. It is important for prospective users to identify their specific application needs first, examine examples of studies or deployments that share similar characteristics, identify the likely limitations associated with using LCSs and then evaluate whether their selected LCS approach/technology would sufficiently meet the needs of the measurement objective. Previous studies in both the laboratory and field have shown that data quality from LCSs are highly variable and there is no simple answer to basic questions like “are low-cost sensors reliable?”. Even when the same basic sensor components are used, real-world performance can vary due to different data correction and calibration approaches. This can make the task of understanding data quality very challenging for users, since good or bad performance demonstrated from one device or commercial supplier does not mean that similar devices from others will work the same way. Manufacturers should provide information on their characterizations of sensors and sensor system performance in a manner that is as comprehensive as possible, including results from in-field testing. Reporting of that data should where possible parallel the metrics used for reference instrument specifications, including information on the calibration conditions. Whilst not all users will actively use this information it will support the general development framework for LCS use. Openness in assessment of sensor performance across varying environmental conditions would be very valuable in guiding new user applications and help the field develop more rapidly. Users and operators of low-cost sensors should have a clearly-defined application scope and set of questions they wish to address prior to selection of a sensor approach. This will guide the selection of the most appropriate technology to support a project. Renewed efforts are needed to enhance engagement and sharing of knowledge and skills between the data science community, the atmospheric science community and others to improve LCS data processing and analysis methods. Improved information sharing between manufacturers and user communities should be supported through regular dialogue on emerging issues related to sensor performance, best practice and applications. Adoption of open access and open data policies to further facilitate the development, applications, and use of LCS data is essential. Such practices would facilitate exchange of information among the wide range of interested communities including national/local government, research, policy, industry, and public, and encourage accountability for data quality and any resulting advice derived from LCS data. This assessment was initiated at the request of the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) and supported by broader stakeholder atmospheric community including the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project, Task Force on Measurement and Modelling of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme of the LRTAP Convention, UN Environment, World Health Organization, Network of Air Quality Reference Laboratories of the European Commission (AQUILA)
Poster 261: Increased Functional Connectivity between Pain‐Affect and Body‐Perception Brain Regions in Fibromyalgia
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146909/1/pmr2s217.pd
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Apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1)
Ambient sampling was conducted in Riverside, California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside to characterize the composition and sources of organic aerosol using a variety of state-of-the-art instrumentation and source apportionment techniques. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass is estimated by elemental carbon and carbon monoxide tracer methods, water soluble organic carbon content, chemical mass balance of organic molecular markers, and positive matrix factorization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer data. Estimates obtained from each of these methods indicate that the organic fraction in ambient aerosol is overwhelmingly secondary in nature during a period of several weeks with moderate ozone concentrations and that SOA is the single largest component of PM1 aerosol in Riverside. Average SOA/OA contributions of 70−90% were observed during midday periods, whereas minimum SOA contributions of ~45% were observed during peak morning traffic periods. These results are contrary to previous estimates of SOA throughout the Los Angeles Basin which reported that, other than during severe photochemical smog episodes, SOA was lower than primary OA. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed
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