Determination of serum vitamin D status of mothers and newborns and related outcomes

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Effect of almonds consumption on anthropometric measurements and blood parameters in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program

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Modelling health and economic impact of nutrition interventions: a systematic review

Diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as well as micronutrient deficiencies, are of widespread and growing importance to public health. Authorities are developing programs to improve nutrient intakes via foods. To estimate the potential health and economic impact of these programs there is a wide variety of models. The aim of this review is to evaluate existing models to estimate the health and/or economic impact of nutrition interventions with a focus on reducing salt and sugar intake and increasing vitamin D, iron, and folate/folic acid intake. The protocol of this systematic review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42016050873). The final search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus electronic databases and search strings were developed for salt/sodium, sugar, vitamin D, iron, and folic acid intake. Predefined criteria related to scientific quality, applicability, and funding/interest were used to evaluate the publications. In total 122 publications were included for a critical appraisal: 45 for salt/sodium, 61 for sugar, 4 for vitamin D, 9 for folic acid, and 3 for iron. The complexity of modelling the health and economic impact of nutrition interventions is dependent on the purpose and data availability. Although most of the models have the potential to provide projections of future impact, the methodological challenges are considerable. There is a substantial need for more guidance and standardization for future modelling, to compare results of different studies and draw conclusions about the health and economic impact of nutrition interventions. © 2022, The Author(s)

Impact of nonoptimal intakes of saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fat on global burdens of coronary heart disease

Background: Saturated fat (SFA), ω‐6 (n‐6) polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), and trans fat (TFA) influence risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but attributable CHD mortalities by country, age, sex, and time are unclear. Methods and Results: National intakes of SFA, n‐6 PUFA, and TFA were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model based on country‐specific dietary surveys; food availability data; and, for TFA, industry reports on fats/oils and packaged foods. Etiologic effects of dietary fats on CHD mortality were derived from meta‐analyses of prospective cohorts and CHD mortality rates from the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases study. Absolute and proportional attributable CHD mortality were computed using a comparative risk assessment framework. In 2010, nonoptimal intakes of n‐6 PUFA, SFA, and TFA were estimated to result in 711 800 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 680 700–745 000), 250 900 (95% UI 236 900–265 800), and 537 200 (95% UI 517 600–557 000) CHD deaths per year worldwide, accounting for 10.3% (95% UI 9.9%–10.6%), 3.6%, (95% UI 3.5%–3.6%) and 7.7% (95% UI 7.6%–7.9%) of global CHD mortality. Tropical oil–consuming countries were estimated to have the highest proportional n‐6 PUFA– and SFA‐attributable CHD mortality, whereas Egypt, Pakistan, and Canada were estimated to have the highest proportional TFA‐attributable CHD mortality. From 1990 to 2010 globally, the estimated proportional CHD mortality decreased by 9% for insufficient n‐6 PUFA and by 21% for higher SFA, whereas it increased by 4% for higher TFA, with the latter driven by increases in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Conclusions: Nonoptimal intakes of n‐6 PUFA, TFA, and SFA each contribute to significant estimated CHD mortality, with important heterogeneity across countries that informs nation‐specific clinical, public health, and policy priorities.peer-reviewe

Effect of a weight loss intervention on iron parameters in overweight and obese Turkish women

Background/aims: To examine changes in body weight and iron parameters of overweight and obese premenopausal women who participated in a weight loss intervention. Methods: A total of 147 overweight or obese women, aged 20-49 years, were included in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups at the baseline of study. All women underwent a 3 month intervention, a nutritional weight loss program. The first group included women with low hemoglobin levels, as the second group consisted of women with normal hemoglobin levels. Biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were measured, and dietary intake was recorded at the baseline and end of the study. Results: After the intervention, first group had 10.1% weight loss, whereas the second group had 10.7%. A statistically significant relationship between body weight loss and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was determined. Significant decrease was observed on the anthropometric variables, dietary energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids, and carbohydrate intake. Dietary intakes of vitamin C, fiber, iron, and calcium levels increased. Conclusion: Weight loss improved the blood iron parameters and anthropometric measurements possibly due to its possitive effect on inflammation

Is neck circumference a simple tool for identifying insulin resistance: a hospital-based study in Turkey

Aim: To make it clear whether neck circumference (NC) can be a valid and efficient method for distinguishing obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in Turkish adults. Material and Method: A total of 527 women, in the age range of 20 to 49, were recruited into the study and classified as normal-weight (n=130, 24.7%), overweight (n=172, 32.7%) and obese (n=225, 42.6%). Anthropometrical measurements such as body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), WHtR and NC were taken by the researcher. Serum fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were analyzed. Insulin resistance was determined by "Homeostasis model assessment IR index (HOMA-IR)". Results: A total of 130 women were normal-weight, 172 women were overweight and 225 were obese. 66.8% of the overweight and 95.6% of the obese women's WC is more than 88 cm. According to the WHtR, it has been detected that 70.9% of the overweight women are in the risk group for chronic diseases whereas 88.4% of obese women are in the high risk group. While the majority (86.2%) of the normal-weight women's NC is less than 34 cm, that of 88.4% of the obese women is higher than this value. A positive, strong relationship among body weight (r=0.654), BMI (r=0.653), WC (r=0.574), Waist/height ratio (r=0.541) and NC was determined. According to the findings, 82.9% of the women with NC higher than 34 cm have IR and being in the risk group regarding NC increases the risk of having IR 4.7 times. Conclusion: In women, NC, BMI, WC and WHtR have a positive correlation. Therefore, it is beneficial to use NC as a valid indicator for both overall and central obesity

Water consumption related to different diets in Mediterranean cities

Providing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) water, food and energy security to cities relies strongly on resource use outside city borders. Many modern cities have recently invested in a sustainable urban water system, and score high in international city rankings regarding water management and direct urban water use. However, these rankings generally neglect external resource use for cities. Here we quantify the water resources related to food consumption in thirteen cities located in Mediterranean countries, by means of the water footprint (WF) concept. These WFs amount from 32771 per capita per day (l/cap/d) to 5789 l/cap/d. These amounts are about thirty times higher than their direct urban water use. We additionally analyse the WF of three diet scenarios, based upon a Mediterranean dietary pattern. Many authors identify the Mediterranean diet as cultural heritage, being beneficial for human health and a model for a sustainable food system. The first diet scenario, a healthy Mediterranean diet including meat, leads to WF reductions of -19% to -43%. The second diet scenario (pesco-vegetarian), leads to WF reductions of -28% to -52%. The third diet scenario (vegetarian), leads to WF reductions of -30% to -53%. In other words, if urban citizens want to save water, they need to look at their diets. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V