Secondary metabolites from the sponges Aplysina fistularis and Dysidea sp. and the antituberculosis activity of 11-ketofistularin-3

The present investigation reports the isolation of aeroplysinin-2, 2-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-N,N,N-trimethyletanamonium, 7,9-dibromo-10-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1-oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-2,6,8-trien-3-carboxylic acid and its methyl ester, 11-oxoaerothionin, aerothionin, 11-keto-12-hydroxyaerothionin, 11-ketofistularin-3 and fistularin-3 from Aplysina fistularis, as well as of furodysinin lactone and 9α,11α-epoxicholest-7-en-3β,5α,6α,10-tetrol-6-acetate from Dysidea sp. Although the extracts of both sponges displayed antituberculosis activity, only 11-ketofistularin-3 isolated from A. fistularis displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H34Rv, with MIC at 16 μg/mL and SI of 40, a result that reinforce that fistularin-3 derivatives are interesting leads for the development of antituberculosis drugs.American Society of Pharmacognosy FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)BIOTA/FAPESP - BIOprospecTAUSP - PIBIC/CNPqFAPES

\uc9ponges calcaires du nord-nord-est du Br\ue9sil

Volume: 402Start Page: 987End Page: 103

Isaurus tuberculatus (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Zoanthidea), nova ocorrência para o Atlântico sudoeste tropical

Isaurus tuberculatus Gray, 1828 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) is for the first time recorded from Brazil at Pituba beach, Salvador, Bahia State.Isaurus tuberculatus Gray, 1828 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa Zoanthidea) é pela primeira vez registrada no Brasil na praia da Pituba, Salvador, Bahia

Craniella quirimure Peixinho, Cosme & Hajdu, 2005, sp. nov.

Craniella quirimure sp. nov. Figs. 2, 3, 4 Holotype — UFBA 1812 ­POR, (1) Barra do Jacuruna (ca. 13 o02.857’S 38 o 48.857 ’W, Itaparica Channel, Jaguaripe, State of Bahia, Brazil) intertidal, mangrove, coll. S. Peixinho, i. 1976. Paratypes (1) Barra do Jacuruna (ca. 13 o02.857’S 38 o 48.857 ’W, Itaparica Channel, Jaguaripe, State of Bahia, Brazil) intertidal, mangrove — UFBA 212 ­POR 15 specimens), coll. A. Sampaio, 02.xi. 1975; UFBA 222 ­POR (7 specimens), coll. S.Peixinho, 24.viii. 1975; UFBA 252 ­POR (9 specimens), coll. A. Sampaio, iv. 1976; UFBA 254 ­POR (3 specimens), coll. S. Peixinho, i. 1976; UFBA 262 ­POR, UFBA 161 ­ PGR, Coll. S. Peixinho, 1976 (49 specimens), UFBA 1811 ­POR, coll. S. Peixinho, 1976; MNRJ 601 (1 specimen), coll. E. Hajdu, S. Peixinho & R. Desqueyroux­Faúndez, 22.i. 1997; UFBA 1776 ­POR (8 specimens), coll. S. Peixinho, E. Hajdu, R.G.S. Berlinck, C.P. Santos & E.L. Esteves, 05.vi. 2004; MNRJ 8417 (5 specimens), coll. S. Peixinho, E. Hajdu, R.G.S. Berlinck, C.P. Santos & E.L. Esteves, 05.vi. 2004. (2) Itaparica Marina (S 12 º 53,340 ' / W 38 º 41,075 ', Itaparica Island, State of Bahia, Brazil) ­ UFBA 1888 ­POR (2 specimens), coll. B. Cosme, 30.i. 2005. (3) Maraú River Delta (S 13 º 58´/ W 38 º 59´, Bay of Camamu, State of Bahia, Brazil), mangrove ­ UFBA 999 ­POR (3 specimens), coll. M.C. Guerrazzi et coll., leg. U.S. Pinheiro, 13.vi. 2004. Diagnosis Craniella quirimure sp.nov. is the only Craniella in the Tropical Atlantic with cortical oxeas up to 1000 µm long and 28 µm thick, two categories of protriaenes, anatriaenes which can be larger than 9000 µm and sigmaspires smaller than 15 µm. Specimens Oxeas Protriaenes Anatriaenes Sigmaspires Holotype I. main choanosomal I. large rabdome rabdome 6,2­8,8 ­ 12,8 UFBA 0 1812 ­ 1671­2257 ­ 4551 /9,9­21,1­ 28 1434­2148 ­ 3156 /4,2­5,1­6,9> 9600 /4,1­6,2­8,6 POR II. cortical large cladi cladome 574 ­839,7­ 1166 /14,5­18,7­ 28 21,4­40,4­48,8 18 ­25,6­ 31 III. anisoxeas large cladome 13 ­18,3­ 26 407 ­675,3­ 960 /3,6­6,3­11,1 II. small rabdome IV. rhizoidal 210­492 ­ 864 / 1 ­1,3­1,6 419­569 ­ 727 / 7 ­11,8­ 17 small cladi 25,3­46,4­64,7 small cladome 8 ­20,6­ 44 Paratype I. main choanosomal I. large rabdome Rabdome 7.7­9.8 ­ 11.6 UFBA 0 0 262 ­ 756.1 ­ 1877­2343.3 / 9.9­20.8 ­ 28.2 1497.5­1694.6 ­ 1882.8 / 4.2­5.9 ­ 7.7> 9000 / 4.4­5.9 ­ 7.6 POR II. cortical large cladi cladome 597.9­801.8 ­ 1041 / 9.9­18.4 ­ 33.3 29.6­36.4 ­ 42 21.7­28.2 ­ 33.2 III. anisoxeas large cladome 12.9­19.1 ­ 23.8 463.4­603.1 ­ 758.7 / 4.9­6.5 ­ 15.5 II. small rabdome IV. rhizoidal 368.8­494.7 ­ 798.1 / 0.9­1.4 ­ 2.3 441.4­699.7 ­ 1124.8 / 9.7­15.4 ­ 28 small cladi 14.6­38.3 ­ 50.1 large cladome 6.2­22.6 ­ 33.8 Paratype I. main choanosomal I. large rabdome Rabdome 5.2­8.6 ­ 12.1 UFBA 0 0 254 ­ 1598.3 ­ 2067.7­2704.9 / 11.1­18.8 ­ 25.5 1433.7­2147.7 ­ 3156.5 / 4.2­5.1 ­ 6.9> 7000 / 5.9­6.7 ­ 7.7 POR II. cortical large cladi cladome 521.1­842.5 ­ 1220.6 / 14.2­20.7 ­ 31.6 21.4­40.3 ­ 53.5 24.6­29.9 ­ 35.7 III. anisoxeas large cladome 21.1­27.4 ­ 33.4 380.5 ­ 594.2 ­ 808.3 / 3.9­5.3 ­ 8.5 II. small rabdome IV. rhizoidal 209.8­491.6 ­ 864.2 / 1­1.3 ­ 1.6 520.4­718.2 ­ 881 / 13.8­17.4 ­ 25.3 small cladi 25.3­46.4 ­ 64.7 large cladome 4.9­7.3 ­ 11 Paratype I. main choanosomal I. large rabdome Rabdome 5.8­8.4 ­ 12.3 UFBA 0 1811 ­ 1362.8­1718.5 ­ 2489.8 / 7.4­16.3 ­ 21.2 1486.5­1713.9 ­ 1920.9 / 5.1­6.3 ­ 7.8> 6000 / 4.3­5.9 ­ 6.8 POR II. cortical large cladi cladome 493.4­687.3 ­ 1019.2 / 11.8­16.1 ­ 24.7 32­37.7 ­ 41 24.9­31.3 ­ 41 III. anisoxeas large cladome 13.8­18.9 ­ 23.5 462.8­540.4 ­ 726.3 / 3.9­6.6 ­ 10.7 II. small rabdome IV. rhizoidal 212.4­362.4 ­ 514.9 / 1.1­1.7 ­ 2.1 269­466.2 ­ 637.2 / 2.9­11.2 ­ 16.2 small cladi 331 ­ 36.7­42.8 large cladome 10.3­15.1 ­ 22.5 Description External form irregularly ovoid, elliptical, barrel­shaped or nearly spherical. Specimens reach a maximum of 23mm in diameter and 25mm in height. Surface can be flat (more often) or slightly ridged, with or without perforations (inhalant apertures). Some specimens were seen to bear a crown of conulose­volcaniform projections on the rim of their apical side. Texture normally smooth. Consistency varies from easily compressible to nearly incompressible, what might be related to contraction after collection and handling. More often a single apical oscule occurs, also markedly contracted after collection. A few specimens possessed two or three oscula clustered. Aquiferous channels are clearly seen converging to the oscula in live specimens. In many preserved specimens oscula are not visible. The basal portion of the specimens bears rhizoidal extensions for anchoring in the soft sediment. These are variably intertwined, and can reach 73 mm (UFBA 1812 ­POR) in length. In some specimens (ovoid and barrel­shaped) these extensions clearly project from several locations spread around the base of specimens. In others (elliptical), they appear to be more concentrated. In live specimens these extensions were either buried in the sediment, or entangled under the specimen, penetrating over 1­2 cm in the sediment. Live color is muddy­greenish and muddy­yellowish externally, turning brown in ethanol. Sectioned specimens are yellow inside, clearer on the central portion due to increased silica content, and have two conspicuous outer layers of distinct color. The outermost is sediment colored, reddish­brown, and is adjacent to a bright green sub­surface layer. Skeleton Nearly perfect radial arrangement of conspicuous spicule tracts of larger choanossomal oxeas spiraling from the base towards the surface of the sponge (ca. 3 tracts in 1 cm of surface area), terminating within a palisade­like layer (ca. 1080 mm thick) of smaller cortical oxeas adjacent to, and slightly piercing (ca. 40 µm) the surface. The radial arrangement is somewhat obscured by a dense criss­crossed reticulation of isolated spicules. Aquiferous channels are seen here and there in the choanosome (up to 280 µm across). Protriaenes are piercing the surface abundantly as commonly seen on other tetillids. Sigmaspires are distributed all over the sponge. The basal rhizoidal extensions have abundant intertwined anchoring anatriaenes. Spicules (measures in m): Megascleres Protriaenes I, associated to the main cortical/ choanossomal tracts, but easier to spot in the cortical region; eventually of prodiaene form; slender. Rhabdome, long, straight, sometimes with a sinuous base, always tapering gradualy; 1434­1925.9 ­ 3156 / 4.2­5.6 ­ 7.8 m. Cladome, straight and sharp, ocasionally asymetrical; 21­38.7 ­ 54 / 13­20.8 ­ 33 m. Protrianes II, associated to the main cortical/choanossomal tracts, but easier to spot in the cortical region; eventually of prodiaene form; slender. Rhabdome, long, straight, sometimes with a sinuous base, always tapering gradualy; 210­473.1 ­ 908 / 0.8­1.4 ­ 2.2 m. Cladome, slender, straight or curved, and sharp, ocasionally asymetrical; 15­41.9 ­ 65 / 4.9­ 16.4 ­ 44 m. Anatriaenes, rhizoidal, forming long tracts embedded in the soft sediment, the cladomes acting as hooks. Extremely long rhabdome, tapering gradually to a sharp end (like a long hair);> 6000 / 4­6.1 ­ 8.5 m. Cladome, straight and sharp 17.6­28.7 ­ 41 m. Oxeas I, main spicule of the choanosomal bundles; long, straight, stout in the central region and sharpening abruptly, 1363­1928.1 ­ 2705 / 7­17.5 ­ 26 m. Oxeas II, cortical; short and robust, straight, sometimes curved, abruptly sharpened, ocasionally styloid, 493­764.8 ­ 1221 / 12­18.3 ­ 32 m. Oxeas III, auxiliary spicules of the choanosomal bundles; anisoxeas, one end tapering gradually, the other abruptly, 381­567.2 ­ 808 / 3.9­5.9 ­ 11 m. Oxeas IV, rhizoidal; similar to oxeas I, but shorter, 269­592.2 ­ 881 / 5.9­14.3 ­ 25 m. Microscleres Sigmaspires, occurring both in the choanosome as well as in the rhizoidal extensions; small and acanthose, 5.7 ­9.0­ 12 m. Ecology and distribution The species is abundant at least on part of the intertidal mangrove area studied (Barra do Jacuruna), where it is found on muddy­sand substrate attached by its rhizoidal projections. Observed density was about 12 individuals per square meter. Clusters had at most 2­3 individuals. Water temperature may reach above 30 ºC in summer months (December­February), and emmersion is calculated to be of no more than 1­2 h on the lowest tydes. This is a delta area where salinity has been reported to vary from 3 to 31 / 1000, with an annual mean around 25 / 1000 (Paredes et al., 1980). Other sponges occurring in the area are Mycale microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 and Haliclona coerulea (Hechtel, 1965). The Itaparica Marina is situated in a marine environment. The Bay of Camamu is the target of an ongoing basic inventory of its benthic fauna (M.C. Guerrazzi et coll.). The species was seen on different locations in the bay, at varying distances from the entrance (U.S. Pinheiro, pers. comm.), which suggests considerable adaptation to salinity fluctuations (not recorded). Etymology The species name, a name in apposition, is the Tupinambás Indians name for Todos os Santos Bay, its type locality, and where most of the specimens collected stem from. Remarks The very disparate sampling effort undertaken on the three collecting localities precludes any discussion on possible morphologic trends established on these populations. New collections on the Bay of Camamu and on Itaparica Island will allow a study of variability, which is beyond the scope of this contribution. There are nearly 40 species of Craniella reported worldwide, seven of which from the Tropical Atlantic, viz.: C. carteri Sollas, 1886; C. cranium (Müller, 1789); C. insidiosa Schmidt, 1870; C. laminaris (George & Wilson, 1919); C. lens Schmidt, 1870; C. schmidti Sollas, 1888 and C. tethyoides Schmidt, 1870. The new species described here differs from C. carteri and C. lens because both latter species do not possess sigmaspires. Additionally, none of these were reported to possess two categories of protriaenes, and the main choanosomal oxeas of both seem to be always much stouter (always over 20 ìm thick) than those of the new species (sometimes as small as 7 m thick). Of those Tropical Western Atlantic Craniella species with sigmaspires, C. schmidti and C. tethyoides have these microscleres much larger (respectively ca. 20 and 35 m in largest diameter). Both species are deep­water inhabitants being thus well differentiated on ecological grounds too, when compared to the new species apparent shallow, warm, mangrove restricted distribution. One further diagnostic character stems from C. schmidti s much stouter choanosomal oxeas. Craniella cranium is a problematic species in need of revision. Originally described from the Boreal Eastern Atlantic, the species has subsequently been reported from several other, mostly Boreal/Temperate localities, on many distinct biogeographic provinces. On an exclusively biogeographical probability rationale, Boreal records on both the Atlantic and the Pacific are likely, Southern Temperate records and a postulated anti­tropical distribution are less likely, and Tropical records and their implied cosmopolitanism are much less likely. With this in mind, it is very improbable on biogeographical grounds alone that C. cranium will be found on warm, shallow Tropical Brazil. Consequently, Carters (1890) record of C. cranium for the Fernando de Noronha Arquipelago, despite not revised here, is most probably equivocal. We have taken Van Soest et alls (2000) description as a recent revision of Boreal Western Atlantic C. cranium, and used it for a comparison with C. quirimure sp.nov. The Boreal species has much stouter cortical (up to 55 m thick) as well as choanosomal oxeas (up to 70 m thick). Its triaenes, both pro­ and ana­, were reported to be much longer than those in the new species (respectively, up to 8500 ìm and 20000 ìm). Sigmaspires in C. cranium may reach 20 m in diameter while in C. quirimure sp.nov. these are smaller than 15 ìm. Given all these morphological differences, and keeping in mind both species apparent very low biogeographic relatedness, C. quirimure sp.nov. is considered very well differentiated from C. cranium. The two remaining Craniella reported from the Tropical (or nearly so) Atlantic are C. insidiosa and C. laminaris. The first one was poorly described by Schmidt (1870) and was considered unrecognizable already by Sollas (1888). No further comments can be made here on it status. C. laminaris, in spite of originally described from Newport River (eastern U.S.A.), a locality nearly 9000 km away from Bahia, appears to be the morphologically closest to the new species. Both share the very shallow water habitat, as well as comparably large cortical oxeas and sigmaspires, and possess additional categories of protrianes (cf. George & Wilson, 1919). A series of traits can be used to separate them. Cortical oxeas can be much stouter (up to 28 m thick) in C. quirimure sp.nov., choanosomal oxeas can be much longer (up to 4551 m) and stouter (up to 28 m thick), and anatriaenes can be over 4 x larger (up to 9600 m). The new species is thus considered well distinguished from other congeners in the Tropical west Atlantic.Published as part of Peixinho, Solange, Cosme, Bruno & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2005, Craniella quirimure sp. nov. from the mangroves of Bahia (Brazil) (Tetillidae, Spirophorida, Demospongiae), pp. 31-42 in Zootaxa 1036 on pages 33-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16974

Tetilla pentatriaena Fernandez, Peixinho, Pinheiro & Menegola, 2011, sp. nov.

<i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 2, 3; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> UFBA 2048-POR, Camaçari, north of Bahia State, Brazil (12o45’41.61”S – 38o06’12.77”W), 26 m depth, ii.1999, coll. Walter Andrade.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> (1) Camaçari, north littoral of Bahia State, Brazil (1247’05.0”S 3806’38.4”W), (same collector and depth as holotype), UFBA 2049-POR, vii.2003; UFBA 2051-POR, UFBA 2052-POR, UFBA 2053-POR, UFBA 2054-POR and UFBA 2055-POR, vii.2005; UFBA 2057-POR, UFBA 2058-POR, UFBA 2059-POR and UFBA 2060-POR, ii.2006; UFBA 2373-POR, UFBA 2374-POR, UFBA 2375-POR, UFBA 2376-POR and UFBA 2377- POR, vii.2007; UFBA 3272-POR, i.2010. Camaçari, north littoral of Bahia State, Brazil (1244’59.7”S 3804’05.5”W), UFBA 2050-POR, 28 m depth, ii.2004, coll. (same collector as holotype). Camaçari, north littoral of Bahia State, Brazil (1247’05.0”S 3807’58.1”W), UFBA 2056-POR, 23 m depth, ii.2006, coll. (same collector as holotype). (2) Salvador, Bahia State, Brasil (12o58’50.6”S 38o22’44.3”W), UFBA 2904-POR, 35 m depth, i.2009, coll. (same collector as holotype). (3) Todos os Santos Bay, Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil (1256’46”S 3830’38”W), UFBA 3877-POR, 19 m depth, iii.2010, coll. (same collector as holotype). Todos os Santos Bay, Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil (1257’12”S 3830’26”W), UFBA 3878-POR, 10 m depth, iii.2010, coll. (same as holotype). Todos os Santos Bay, Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil (1257’43”S 3830’34”W), UFBA 3879-POR (12 specimens), 12 m depth, iii.2010, coll. (same as holotype). (4) Ilha Grande, Camamu Bay, Mara, south of Bahia (13o55’08.8”S 38o59’59.3”W), UFBA 2112-POR and UFBA 2400-POR, 16 m depth, viii.2004, coll. (same as holotype).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is the only species possessing five categories of triaenes, two of choanosomal protriaenes, two of choanosomal anatriaenes, and one of exclusively rhizoidal and quite long anatriaenes (average of 7000 µm).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> The shape can vary from spherical to oval, with a single oscule on the apical side of the sponge (Figs 2 A and C). The body height varies from 3 to 6 mm and the diameter from 1 to 6 mm. On the underside there is a slender rhizoid, generally longer than the sponge body. This structure consists of long spicules surrounded by spongin-like fibres. The consistency of the body is hard, but compressible. The entire surface is quite hispid, with bundles of spicules protruding about 2 mm above, arranged radially and slightly spirally. They feature a light beige color in 80% ethanol. Their color <i>in vivo</i> is unknown.</p> <p> <b>Spicules</b>. Megascleres: Oxeas I (Fig. 3A), abundant, smooth, straight, fusiform, with both ends slender and gradually pointed: 700–1400–2100 μm / 10–16.0–28 μm. Oxeas II (Fig. 3B), usually smaller than oxeas I, and sometimes a little thicker. Smooth, slightly curved near the middle region; commonly slightly aniso: 235–650–940 μm / 12–15.0–25 μm. Oxeas III (Fig. 3C), smooth, straight, with unequal ends, one slightly conical and the other very thin: 350–590–900 μm / 3.5–6.0–10.6 μm. Protriaenes I (Fig. 3D), large, also as prodiaenes. Rhabdome: 1080–1435.5–2880 μm / 6.5–8.0–11.5 μm. Cladi are stout, gradually pointed, with equal lengths: 37– 70.5–151 μm / 1.8 4.6 –10.8 μm. Protriaenes II (Fig. 3E), also as prodiaenes. Thin rhabdome: 168–390–560 μm / 0.5–2.5–5.0 μm. Cladi are small, pointed, slender and generally with equally long ends, but sometimes one clade may be larger than the others (usually 1.5 x the smaller ones): 10–20–38 μm / 0.5–1.0–2.5 μm. Anatriaenes I (Fig. 3F and J), are choanosomal, long rhabdome: 1260–2108 –3528 μm, with variable thicknesses along it: in the insertion point of the cladome, 5.5–8.5–10.8 μm; 70 μm distant from the cladome, 1.5–3.2–7.2 μm; and a third measure further down the rhabdome, 3.0–4.5–7.2 μm. Cladi are stout, pointed, forming an angle of 45–60 with the rhabdome: 11–34.5–54 μm / 3.6–8.0–11 μm. Anatriaenes II (Fig. 3G and J), are choanosomal, smaller than anatriaenes I, with slender rhabdomes, becoming gradually thinner from the point of insertion of the cladome: 280–526.5–1300 μm / 3.0–4.0– 7.2 μm. Cladi are also more slender in relation to the first category, forming an angle of nearly 90° with the rhabdome, but with their apices bent further down: 11–14.5–36 μm / 1.5–3.5–7.2 μm. Anatriaenes III (Fig. H), are exclusively rhizoidal, presenting cladomes with similar size and morphology as the anatriaenes I, but differing from those by the length of the rhabdome which is over 7000 μm long. Microscleres: small and distorted sigmaspires with microspined surface (Fig. I): 7–10–16 μm.</p> <p> <b>Skeleton.</b> The skeleton is composed of main tracts of radially and slightly spirally oriented spicules, which develop from the center of the sponge body and reach the ectosome, usually piercing it (Fig. 2 B). These tracts are spaced by about 40 μm on the inner portion of the choanosome, becoming denser and more closely spaced toward the center of the choanosome and surface, due to a slight expansion in their width. These main tracts are composed mainly by oxeas I and also by anatriaenes I. The latter are abundant and well attached to the tracts. The cladomes of anatriaenes I are clearly seen one above the other, arranged from the inner portion of the choanosome to the surface of the sponge (Fig. 2 D), with their rhabdomes pointing inward. Anatriaenes II exhibit a similar arrangement as the first category, but are located from the center of the sponge until only the middle portion of the choanosome. Closer to the surface protriaenes I mix up with the main tracts, which are usually abundant and may protrude their cladomes 500 μm beyond the surface. Protriaenes II are abundant and visible on the surface, interspersed to the main tracts. Oxeas II and III are located in the subectosomal region, scattered without an apparent arrangement and located also between the main tracts in the choanosomal region (Fig 2 E). Sigmaspires are abundant and distributed throughout the sponge body. It is common to find foreign material adhered to the surface, like sand-grains. Also common is the presence of foreign material in the choanosome, but in smaller quantities. The rhizoids are formed mostly by anatriaenes III, with their cladomes in the sediment, thus anchoring the sponge in the soft substrate. The rhabdome of the anatriaenes may be coiled inside the choanosome. There are also small amounts of oxeas I, II and III reinforcing the rhizoids.</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> The collection points on the north coast of Bahia, as well as one located off Salvador, outside Todos os Santos Bay, are in the proximity of sewage outfalls that release organic effluents. In addition to these, another outfall throws inorganic acids and heavy metals nearby; <i>i.e.</i> Millenium submarine out fall. All samples of <i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> obtained on the north coast originated from the area under the influence of organic waste. The absence of this species in the stretch under the influence of inorganic effluents could not be explained by the nature of substrate, as it is quite similar in both areas, composed by a mix of biodetritic debris with gravel and sand.</p> <p>In contrast, the collection point in Camamu Bay was located in an estuary, with a considerable supply of freshwater from nearby rivers. However, due to its depth of 16 m, and location near the exit of the bay, it is likely that salt water predominates. Substrate in this area was a mixture of mud and sand. The substrate at Todos os Santos Bay was where found this species similar to that of the north coast.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>pentatriaena</i> refers to the characteristic and unique presence of five categories of triaenes.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is the only species of <i>Tetilla</i> with five categories of triaenes, two choanosomal protriaenes, two choanosomal anatriaenes, and one exclusively rhizoidal anatriaenes. No species of <i>Tetilla</i> occurring in the Atlantic has more than two categories of oxeas together with two categories of protriaenes or anatriaenes, and one category of sigmaspires. Two of these are <i>Tetilla bonaventura</i> Kirkpatrick, 1902 and <i>T. capillosa</i> Levi, 1967, both possessing two categories of oxeas and two of protriaenes, but with only one category of anatriaenes. <i>Tetilla nimia</i> (Topsent, 1927), also recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, has two categories of oxeas and two of anatriaenes, but only one category of protriaenes. <i>Tetilla euplocamos</i> and <i>T. radiata</i> are recorded from southeastern Brazil, but are both devoid of sigmaspires and therefore differ from <i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in this important aspect. Besides this difference, the new species can be distinguished from <i>T. euplocamos</i> and <i>T. radiata</i> by its possession of three categories of oxeas, two of protriaenes and three of anatriaenes, compared to only one category in each spicule type in both previously known species. In comparison with other species of <i>Tetilla</i> in the world, the new species is closer to <i>Tetilla disigmata</i> Levi, 1964, reported from Indonesia, by sharing three categories of oxeas and two of protriaenes, but it can still be easily distinguished in having three categories of anatriaenes and only one of sigmaspires, in contrast to one category of anatriaenes and two of sigmaspires in the Indonesian species.</p>Published as part of <i>Fernandez, Julio C. C., Peixinho, Solange, Pinheiro, Ulisses S. & Menegola, Carla, 2011, Three new species of Tetilla Schmidt, 1868 (Tetillidae, Spirophorida, Demospongiae) from Bahia, northeastern Brazil, pp. 51-67 in Zootaxa 2978</i> on pages 53-57, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/206930">10.5281/zenodo.206930</a&gt

Tetilla muricyi Fernandez, Peixinho, Pinheiro & Menegola, 2011, sp. nov.

<i>Tetilla muricyi</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 4, 5; Tables 2, 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> UFBA 2568-POR, estuary of Acara river, Camamu Bay, Mara, south of Bahia State, Brazil (13o56’24.0”S – 39o05’04.0”W), 5 m depth, 25.ix.2004, coll. U. S. Pinheiro.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> Estuary of Acara river, Camamu Bay, Mara, south of Bahia State, Brazil (13o56’24.0”S – 39o05’04.0”W), (same collector and depth as holotype), UFBA 2569-POR, 25.ix.2004; UFBA 2570-POR, 19.xii.2004; and UFBA 2571-POR, 07.viii.2005.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is devoid of microscleres and has a secondary skeleton composed of oxeas on average 500 μm long and 15 μm thick, predominantly reticulate in the subectosomal and choanosomal regions.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Spherical and massive sponges with a thick rhizoid at the underside (Fig. 4 A). The body of the sponge is usually slightly flattened perpendicularly to its main axis on opposite sides, thereby having two diameters. Largest diameter is on average 29 mm and the smallest 23 mm. The average height of the sponge body is 28 mm. Variably conspicuous external longitudinal grooves are present, usually 6–10, which are distributed from the base of an apical oscule to the basal portion of the sponge body, near the rhizoids. These grooves are usually shallower closest to the oscule, and slightly deeper near the rhizoids. The apical oscule protrudes slightly above the sponge surface (Fig. 4 B) and bears spicules piercing its outer rim, albeit not in a regular, palisade-like manner. On the underside there is a fairly thick rhizoid for settlement, and among the specimens, the width at the base varied from 16 mm to 26 mm, and the overall length from 15 mm to 65 mm. The surface is slightly rough and hispid. There are some conules formed mainly near the base of the sponge. The consistency is very hard and almost incompressible. The color of the species <i>in vivo</i> is entirely cream, or be cream with dark green parts. Preserved specimens are cream-colored.</p> <p> <b>Spicules.</b> Megascleres: Oxeas I (Fig. 5A), smooth, straight, fusiform, provided with equally long and thin ends: 1116–1990 –2772 μm / 11–23–33 μm. Oxeas II (Fig. 5 B and G), smooth, varying from straight to slightly curved in one or two points along their length, usually close to the edges. The ends are thin and usually mucronate: 288–546–864 μm / 7.2–17.5–21.6 μm. Prodiaenes I (Fig. 5 C), rare like-protriaenes, with long rhabdomes uniformly thick: 1584–2650 –4140 μm / 3.5–6.0–9.0 μm. Cladi may have slightly different sizes; major clade: 25–5– 90 μm / 1.8–3.2–5.5 μm. Prodiaenes II (Fig. 5 D), smaller than prodiaenes I, also rare like-protriaenes: 616–1170– 1960 μm / 1.0–2.5–4.0 μm. Thin cladi: 15–19.0–29 μm / 0.7–1.2–1.8 μm. Anatriaenes I (Fig. 5 E), are choanosomal, rhabdomes long and gradually pointed; length 1260–1895 –3060 μm. The rhabdome is thicker immediately below the insertion of the cladome; 5.4–6.8–9.0 μm, tapering abruptly to 3.5–3.8–7.2 μm, about 150 μm below that point, and then becoming slightly thicker again (ca. 6 μm) where tapering gradually to the tip. Cladomes with curved cladi bearing very thin ends: 18–39–58 μm / 3.6–5.0–7.2 μm. Anatriaenes II (Fig. 5 F), exclusively rhizoidal, similar to anatriaenes I in overall morphology, but distinguished by the length of the rhabdomes (over 6000 μm).</p> <p> <b>Skeleton.</b> Radial skeleton composed of bundles of oxeas I mixed with anatriaenes I extending from the center of the chaonosome toward the ectosome (Fig. 4 C), where oxeas can pierce the surface up to about 50 μm. The cladomes of the anatriaenes reach the subectosomal region, but only few of these trespass it (Fig. 4 D). The prodiaenes I and II are mixed with the main tracts in the ectosome, with their cladomes normally protruding up to 200 μm beyond the surface (Fig. 4 D – F). Prodiaenes II may form tracts among the main tracts in the ectosomal region. Oxeas II are disposed throughout the choanosome and subectosomal region, exhibiting a reticulate or sometimes disorganized arrangement. These oxeas form a halichondroid secondary skeleton (Fig. 4 C) and as well as the first category, they can also reach the surface (Fig. 4 D and E). Foreign particles such as sand-grains can be found in the choanosome as well as adhered to the ectosome. There are channels throughout the body of the sponge, showing a wide variation in diameter (ca. 100 to over 1000 μm). Oxeas II surround these channels, both in the choanosome and the subectosomal region. The rhizoids are formed mostly by anatriaenes II and to a lesser extent by oxeas II, both packed by spongin. The cladomes of these anatriaenes were inserted in the sediment, thus anchoring the sponge to the soft substrate. Microscleres were not found in either the body or the rhizoids.</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> occurs at several localities along river Acara, up to approximately 1.5 km from its mouth. This species is exposed to large fluctuations of salinity (0.8 at low tide to 32 at high tide—data obtained by U.S. Pinheiro and M.C. Guerrazzi) and we can therefore classify it as euryhaline. The new species occurs in extensive sympatry with <i>Craniella quirimure</i> in Camamu Bay.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name is in honour of Professor Guilherme Ramos da Silva Muricy, who greatly contributed to an expanded knowledge of the Brazilian sponge fauna.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Prodiaenes markedly predominate over protriaenes in <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>. Therefore, we consider the former a diagnostic feature of the new species. Its secondary halichondroid skeleton is unique in the genus, and thus of considerable diagnostic value. <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is differentiated from <i>T. pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by presenting one less category of oxeas and anatriaenes and, in addition, a category of prodiaenes and a unique secondary halicondroid skeleton. Worldwide there are seven species of <i>Tetilla</i> devoid of sigmaspires, three of which occurring in the Tropical Atlantic: <i>Tetilla euplocamos</i>, <i>T. radiata</i> and <i>T. truncata</i> Topsent, 1890. The first two of these have only one category of oxeas and protriaenes, plus a category of anatriaenes in <i>T. radiata</i>. The third species has only one category of styles and anatriaenes. <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from these three species by its possession of two categories of oxeas and two of anatriaenes, besides its prodiaenes and secondary halichondroid skeleton. Other species lacking sigmaspires were reported from Indonesia (<i>Tetilla enoi</i> Brøndsted, 1934, <i>T. pedifera</i> Sollas, 1886 and <i>T. schulzei</i> Kieschnick, 1898) and South Australia (<i>T. globosa</i> (Bear, 1906)). <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from these as they all possess only one category of oxeas, protriaenes and anatriaenes, but also by their quite unrelated biogeography and non-mangrove habitat.</p>Published as part of <i>Fernandez, Julio C. C., Peixinho, Solange, Pinheiro, Ulisses S. & Menegola, Carla, 2011, Three new species of Tetilla Schmidt, 1868 (Tetillidae, Spirophorida, Demospongiae) from Bahia, northeastern Brazil, pp. 51-67 in Zootaxa 2978</i> on pages 57-63, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/206930">10.5281/zenodo.206930</a&gt

Tetilla rodriguesi Fernandez, Peixinho, Pinheiro & Menegola, 2011, sp. nov.

<i>Tetilla rodriguesi</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 6, 7; Table 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> UFBA 2046-POR, Goi Island, Camamu Bay, Mara, south of Bahia State, Brazil, (13o56’01.5”S – 38o59’31.6”W), <5 m depth, viii.2004, coll. W. Andrade.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Tetilla rodriguesi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is devoid of microscleres, has three categories of oxeas, two of trichoidal protriaenes and one of rhizoidal anatriaenes.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> The sponge is pear-shaped, 4 mm in diameter and 9 mm in height. At the posterior end there is a rhizoid for attachment of the sponge (Fig. 6 A). This structure is long and slender, with a length of 13 mm and diameter of 0.5 mm. The consistency of the sponge body is quite soft. Its surface is slightly hispid, except the region near the rhizoids. There are small pores arranged on the side of the sponge, with an average diameter of 150 μm. No oscule was observed. The color of the species was not registered <i>in vivo</i>; and is dark brown after preservation in ethanol.</p> <p> <b>Spicules.</b> Megascleres, Oxeas I (Fig. 7 A), straight, smooth, fusiform, with thin ends, larger and thicker than the oxeas II, 648– 1097 –2016 μm / 4.7–8.8–10.8 μm. Oxeas II (Fig. 7 B), straight and smooth, with one end slightly conical and the other long and quite thin, the latter is flexuous, 294–452–672 μm / 3–3.5–4 μm. Oxeas III (Fig. 7 C), isoactinal, slight to moderately curved in the middle portion, 130–417–560 μm / 1.8–5.0–7.2 μm. Trichoidal protriaenes I (Fig. 7 D), larger and thicker than the second category, long rhabdomes tapering gradually from the insertion point of the cladome, 1000–1860–2520 μm / 3.6–4.0–5.5 μm; cladi with similar dimensions, sharp and thinner than rhabdomes, 50–78.8–105 μm / 1.5–1.8–2.0 μm. Trichoidal protriaenes II (Fig. 7 E), rhabdomes tapering gradually to their points, 154–279–532 μm / 0.5–0.7–1.0 μm; cladomes with thin cladi of similar or different lengths (larger up to 2 x the length of the smaller, sometimes three different lengths); cladi, when these are of equal dimensions, 14.5–36.5–90 μm / 0.4–0.5–0.7 μm. Anatriaenes (Fig. 7 F), exclusively rhizoidal; rhabdome relatively thin and long, over 6000 μm, provided with three main diameters; the largest one immediately under the insertion of the cladome, 4 μm on average; about 60 μm further along its extension, it quickly thins out to 1.7 μm on average; then reexpanding back to about 3.5 μm; wherefrom it tapers gradually to the point; stout cladome, often strongly curved, cladi with very fine tips, 25–30– 45 μm / 3.0–3.5 – 5.5 μm.</p> <p> <b>Skeleton.</b> The skeleton is composed of main radial tracts of oxeas I, starting from the center of the sponge toward the ectosome, and often reaching the surface, piercing it 150–200 μm on average (Fig. 6 B). Oxeas II are intermingled with these bundles close to the ectosome, thus rendering this area denser (Fig. 6 C). Protriaenes I and II are mixed with the main tracts in the ectosome, usually with their cladomes piercing the surface slightly. Oxeas III occur in the portion between the choanosome and the subectosomal region, do not have a visible arrangement being interspersed in a criss-cross manner with the radial bundles. The choanosome is crossed by canals with a diameter of 100–200 μm. Some foreign particles, such as sand grains, may be found in the choanosome. Microscleres of any kind are absent both in the body and in the rhizoids of the sponge.</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> <i>Tetilla rodriguesi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> was collected at the northwest side of Goi Island, southwest of Campinho Island, Mara Peninsula. This area is a typical mangrove with muddy substrate, but sandy bottoms are also present in the area. The waters around Goi Island are exposed to large amounts of nutrients as well as a considerable fluctuation of salinity, as a consequence of their proximity to river Mara and other smaller rivers in the area. Although the salinity in this collection point has not been measured, the new species appears to be euryhaline.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name of the new species is a tribute to Professor Sergio de Almeida Rodrigues, who contributed significantly to the science of marine biology in Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Tetilla rodriguesi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is devoid of sigmaspires, similar to <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and the seven other species of the genus mentioned before. This new species shares with <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> the mangrove habitat, but can be distinguished through a series of morphologic traits: the possession by the former of three categories of oxeas, only one of anatriaenes and a strictly radial skeleton. <i>Tetilla muricyi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> has two categories of oxeas and of anatriaenes, a single category of prodiaenes and a criss-crossed secondary skeleton. The new species differs from <i>Tetilla pentatriaena</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by presenting a single category of anatriaenes, and by its lack of sigmaspires. Regarding the species that are devoid of microscleres (<i>Tetilla euplocamos</i>, <i>T. globosa, T. radiata, T. truncata, T. enoi, T. pedifera</i> and <i>T. schulzei</i>) <i>Tetilla rodriguesi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> presents a distinct spiculation, the main differences being its three categories of oxeas and mangrove habitat.</p>Published as part of <i>Fernandez, Julio C. C., Peixinho, Solange, Pinheiro, Ulisses S. & Menegola, Carla, 2011, Three new species of Tetilla Schmidt, 1868 (Tetillidae, Spirophorida, Demospongiae) from Bahia, northeastern Brazil, pp. 51-67 in Zootaxa 2978</i> on pages 63-65, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/206930">10.5281/zenodo.206930</a&gt