4-H dressage manual

Replaces Oregon publication 4-H 1311.What is dressage? Somehow this word has developed an aura of mystery among youth and adults in the 4-H Horse Program. In simple terms, dressage is not unlike the basic training given to armed-forces recruits. Dressage is a French word that means “training” or “schooling.” All the aids (hands, seat or weight, and legs) are used in varying degrees to guide the horse through a set of maneuvers that are natural to the horse. Dressage teaches a horse to be obedient, willing, supple, and highly responsive to the wishes of the rider. Not every horse schooled in dressage will become a Grand Prix horse destined for Olympic competition, but every horse, regardless of its size, disposition, or ultimate use, can benefit from dressage. Keep in mind the first horse you worked with in the 4-H program. You started training that horse with some basics you learned from your 4-H leader or your parents. As you and your horse learned from each other, you advanced in your skills and abilities one step at a time. Dressage competition is a similar process. Dressage is a combination of equitation and horsemanship; knowing how to produce each movement until you and your horse move as one. The object of dressage is the harmonious development of the physique and ability of the horse. A dressage rider becomes precisely tuned to the movements of the horse’s body. Through progressive exercises of both horse and rider, the horse becomes calm, supple, obedient, and highly skilled, achieving a perfect understanding with its rider

Cervical spine signs and symptoms: perpetuating rather than predisposing factors for temporomandibular disorders in women

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess in a sample of female community cases the relationship between the increase of percentage of cervical signs and symptoms and the severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and vice-versa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred women (aged 18-26 years) clinically diagnosed with TMD signs and symptoms and cervical spine disorders were randomly selected from a sample of college students. RESULTS: 43% of the volunteers demonstrated the same severity for TMD and cervical spine disorders (CSD). The increase in TMD signs and symptoms was accompanied by increase in CSD severity, except for pain during palpation of posterior temporal muscle, more frequently observed in the severe CSD group. However, increase in pain during cervical extension, sounds during cervical lateral flexion, and tenderness to palpation of upper fibers of trapezius and suboccipital muscles were observed in association with the progression of TMD severity. CONCLUSION: The increase in cervical symptomatology seems to accompany TMD severity; nonetheless, the inverse was not verified. Such results suggest that cervical spine signs and symptoms could be better recognized as perpetuating rather than predisposing factors for TMD

Metabolic Network Topology Reveals Transcriptional Regulatory Signatures of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder characterized by both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Recent transcriptomics studies related to T2DM have revealed changes in expression of a large number of metabolic genes in a variety of tissues. Identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying these transcriptional changes and their impact on the cellular metabolic phenotype is a challenging task due to the complexity of transcriptional regulation and the highly interconnected nature of the metabolic network. In this study we integrate skeletal muscle gene expression datasets with human metabolic network reconstructions to identify key metabolic regulatory features of T2DM. These features include reporter metabolites—metabolites with significant collective transcriptional response in the associated enzyme-coding genes, and transcription factors with significant enrichment of binding sites in the promoter regions of these genes. In addition to metabolites from TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism (known to be associated with T2DM), we identified several reporter metabolites representing novel biomarker candidates. For example, the highly connected metabolites NAD+/NADH and ATP/ADP were also identified as reporter metabolites that are potentially contributing to the widespread gene expression changes observed in T2DM. An algorithm based on the analysis of the promoter regions of the genes associated with reporter metabolites revealed a transcription factor regulatory network connecting several parts of metabolism. The identified transcription factors include members of the CREB, NRF1 and PPAR family, among others, and represent regulatory targets for further experimental analysis. Overall, our results provide a holistic picture of key metabolic and regulatory nodes potentially involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM

4-H driving manual

Use this 4-H Driving Manual as you learn how to train your animal, fit the harness properly, and drive your animal safely. The manual outlines one of several accepted ways of training

Associação entre funções estomatognáticas, oclusão dentária e sinais de disfunção temporomandibular em mulheres assintomáticas

OBJETIVO: verificar a associação entre funções estomatognáticas de mastigação e deglutição, oclusão dentária e sinais de disfunção temporomandibular em mulheres assintomáticas. MÉTODOS: as funções estomatognáticas foram avaliadas pelo exame miofuncional orofacial; o exame da oclusão dentária compreendeu: classificação de Angle; medidas de sobrepasse horizontal e vertical; presença de mordida aberta e cruzada; e a avaliação da articulação temporomandibular foi realizada pelo instrumento Critérios de Diagnóstico para Pesquisa de Desordens Temporomandibulares. RESULTADOS: foram avaliadas 43 mulheres com idade média de 23,7 anos. O exame miofuncional orofacial demonstrou alterações no padrão de mastigação (30,2%) e contrações atípicas na mastigação (18,6%) e deglutição (58,1%). Quanto à oclusão dentária, houve predomínio de classe I de Angle (74,4%), porém nenhuma voluntária apresentou uma oclusão ideal. A avaliação da articulação temporomandibular apresentou amplitude de movimento dentro da normalidade, presença de desvio na abertura da boca (60,5%) e diagnóstico de disfunção temporomandibular (16,3%). Houve associação significante entre presença de ruídos articulares e diagnóstico de disfunção temporomandibular e contrações atípicas na deglutição; padrão de abertura e contrações atípicas na mastigação; e não houve associação entre a Classe Oclusal de Angle, padrão de mastigação e disfunção temporomandibular. CONCLUSÃO: voluntárias assintomáticas apresentaram alterações das funções estomatognáticas, como contrações atípicas durante a deglutição e mastigação, as quais foram associadas com a presença de ruídos articulares e padrão de abertura da boca. Tais achados podem ser atribuídos a desequilíbrios e incoordenação dos músculos envolvidos nessas funções. Nenhuma voluntária apresentou oclusão ideal e não foram encontradas associações com esta condição

Rabbit and hare management in Washington State home yards and gardens

We often think of rabbits as cute, furry, and harmless, but some species can cause extensive damage to home gardens and orchards throughout the year. Here you will learn how to protect your plants and still enjoy having wild rabbits and hares in your yard

Mole management in Washington backyards

Moles are serious pests to lawns and gardens in western Washington, along with a few areas east of the Cascade Mountains. This publication will help home gardeners develop a multi-action plan to deal with moles in the home landscape