9 research outputs found
The Ismailisâ âWarâ against Qat in កarÄz
In 1999, the Ismaili Bohra Community in Yemenâs កarÄz mountains launched a drug substitution programme in order to replace the cultivation of qat with other economic and social activities. Motivated by religious concern, this campaign aimed at suppressing the consumption of qat. Over 200,000 qat trees were uprooted and coffee and mango trees planted instead. Alternative means of income generation included animal husbandry, beekeeping and handicraft schemes, complemented by irrigation projects, educational programmes and interest free loans for investments in other economic sectors. Even though the programme was hampered from its start by a severe drought, and in spite of the absence of governmental support, it resulted in a sharp reduction in the cultivation and consumption of qat and a significant diversification of the farmersâ economy. However, the project led also to rural-urban migration and abandoning agricultural lands. But despite its shortcomings, this project, unique in Yemen by its capacity of social mobilization, provides precious lessons on the political and economical constraints which bear on any attempt to develop in Yemen mountains an agriculture which would be free of qat.En 1999, la communautĂ© ismaĂ©lienne des Bohra, du massif du កarÄz a lancĂ© une campagne pour remplacer la culture du qat par dâautres activitĂ©s Ă©conomiques. Fortement motivĂ©e sur le plan religieux, cette campagne visait aussi Ă la suppression de la consommation du qat. Plus de 200 000 arbustes de qat ont Ă©tĂ© arrachĂ©s, auxquels on a substituĂ© des cafĂ©iers et des manguiers. Les moyens pour gĂ©nĂ©rer les revenus alternatifs incluaient aussi lâĂ©levage, lâapiculture, la planification du dĂ©veloppement dâartisanat, Ă quoi sâajoutaient des projets dâirrigation, des programmes Ă©ducatifs et des prĂȘts sans intĂ©rĂȘt pour les investissements dans dâautres secteurs Ă©conomiques. Bien que cette campagne ait Ă©tĂ© entravĂ©e dĂšs le dĂ©but par une sĂ©cheresse sĂ©vĂšre ainsi que par lâabsence dâaide gouvernementale, il a abouti dâune part Ă une rĂ©duction rĂ©elle de la culture et de la consommation du qat, dâautre part Ă la diversification importante de lâactivitĂ© Ă©conomique des fermiers. Mais le projet a aussi entrainĂ© une migration accrue de la campagne vers les villes et lâabandon de nombreuses terres cultivĂ©es. Cependant, malgrĂ© ces limites, ce projet, unique au YĂ©men par son haut niveau de la mobilisation sociale, apporte des leçons prĂ©cieuses concernant les contraintes politiques et Ă©conomiques qui pĂšsent sur toute tentative de dĂ©velopper une agriculture sans qat dans les montagnes du YĂ©men
Financial Mechanisms of Decentralization and the Taxation of Qat (abstract)
An ambitious Decentralization project has been launched by the Yemenite government with the enactment of Law No. 4 of 2000 âconcerning local Authorityâ. Decentralization is considered by many as a major step forward in nation building and democratic development. However, the extreme lack of financial resources at the local level is one of the main challenges for the process of decentralization in Yemen. Peer Gatter analyses in his article the funding sources of local administrations in Yemen..
Financial Mechanisms of Decentralization and the Taxation of Qat
With the enactment of Law No. 4 of 2000 âconcerning the Local Authorityâ, Yemen has launched one of the most ambitious decentralization programs in the Arab World. The law that initiates a comprehensive reform of the Yemeni governance system through the establishment of three levels of government (state, governorate, and district) is seen as a major step forward in nation building and democratic development. Local governance in Yemen is based on three main principles: the expansion of popula..
The Ismailisâ âWarâ against Qat in កarÄz
In 1999, the Ismaili Bohra Community in Yemenâs កarÄz mountains launched a drug substitution programme in order to replace the cultivation of qat with other economic and social activities. Motivated by religious concern, this campaign aimed at suppressing the consumption of qat. Over 200,000 qat trees were uprooted and coffee and mango trees planted instead. Alternative means of income generation included animal husbandry, beekeeping and handicraft schemes, complemented by irrigation projects, educational programmes and interest free loans for investments in other economic sectors. Even though the programme was hampered from its start by a severe drought, and in spite of the absence of governmental support, it resulted in a sharp reduction in the cultivation and consumption of qat and a significant diversification of the farmersâ economy. However, the project led also to rural-urban migration and abandoning agricultural lands. But despite its shortcomings, this project, unique in Yemen by its capacity of social mobilization, provides precious lessons on the political and economical constraints which bear on any attempt to develop in Yemen mountains an agriculture which would be free of qat
Société civile, associations et pouvoir local au Yémen
La multiplication des associations non gouvernementales Ă la fin des annĂ©es quatreâvingt-dix au YĂ©men, accompagnĂ©e par la lĂ©gislation yĂ©mĂ©nite (loi de 2001) reprĂ©sente un phĂ©nomĂšne social majeur, dâautant quâelle est concomitante avec lâaccroissement des aides Ă©trangĂšres directement octroyĂ©es aux ONG dans une optique « participative ». Elle est aussi contemporaine dâun processus de dĂ©centralisation initialisĂ© par lâĂtat et destinĂ© Ă renforcer les autoritĂ©s locales. Cette floraison de nouveaux thĂšmes dâaction civique, comme les droits de lâHomme, la promotion de la femme, lâenvironnement, reprĂ©sente aussi une continuation par rapport Ă une sociĂ©tĂ© civile qui sâĂ©tait dĂ©jĂ distinguĂ©e au cours du xxe siĂšcle par lâaction caritative, le militantisme syndical et politique, les coopĂ©ratives de dĂ©veloppements et une sociĂ©tĂ© traditionnelle riche en mĂ©canismes de solidaritĂ©. Que reprĂ©sente cette nouvelle phase pour le dĂ©veloppement de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile et de la dĂ©mocratie au YĂ©men ? Câest ce que tentent de dĂ©finir les contributeurs yĂ©mĂ©nites et Ă©trangers au prĂ©sent ouvrage, rĂ©unissant les actes de la Table Ronde « SociĂ©tĂ© civile, citoyennetĂ© et pouvoir local » qui sâĂ©tait tenue Ă Sanaa en juillet 2006 Ă lâinitiative du CEFAS et de la fondation FES (Un volume en français / anglais et un volume en arabe).The multiplication of non-governmental associations at the end of the nineties in Yemen, accompanied by the Yemeni legislation (law of 2001) represents a major social phenomenon, in as much as it is contemporary with the growth of foreign aids directly granted to the NGOâs in a âparticipatoryâ way. It is also concomitant with a decentralization process initiated by the State and meant to reinforce the local authorities. This blossoming of new themes like development, human rights, women promotion and environment is but a continuation from a dynamic civil society which had distinguished itself during the 20th century by charity action, union and political militancy, cooperative development and a traditional society rich in solidarity mechanisms. What represents this new phase for the development of civil society and democracy in Yemen? This is the question which the Yemeni and foreign contributors try to answer in this book. It gathers the proceedings of the Conference âCivil Society, citizenship and local powerâ which had been organized in Sanaa in July 2006 by CEFAS and FES (One volume in French/English and one volume in Arabic)
Problems of the Rentier State Approach in Comparative Perspective
Der in den 1980er Jahren entwickelte Rentierstaats-Ansatz hat die Diskussion ĂŒber die sozioökonomische und politische Entwicklung des Vorderen Orients geprĂ€gt. Freilich haben sich die AnhĂ€nger des Ansatzes bisher zu stark auf die Analyse positiver FĂ€lle konzentriert und sind der Kritik nicht begegnet, dass es rentenbeziehende Systeme gebe, deren Entwicklungsweg nicht den Prognosen des Rentierstaats-Ansatzes entspreche. Der Aufsatz ĂŒberprĂŒft diesen Vorwurf eingehend, indem er die relevanten FĂ€lle innerhalb wie auĂerhalb der Region des Vorderen Orients auf die aufgeworfenen kritischen Fragen hin untersucht. So zeigt der Autor, dass sich der Rentierstaats-Ansatz keinem gravierenden Problem abweichender FĂ€lle ausgesetzt sieht. Die Analyse wirft aber auch konkrete Desiderate auf, die in der Forschung des Rentierstaats-Ansatzes stĂ€rkere Beachtung finden sollten.The rentier state approach deeply influenced the discussion on the socio-economic and socio-political development of the Middle East. Yet, the adherents of the approach confined their research on positive cases, thereby neglecting critical objections according to which there are rent-receiving systems whose development did not meet the expectations of the rentier state approach. The paper examines this criticism by dealing with cases studies inside and outside the region of the Middle East. In this way, the author shows that the rentier state approach is not exposed to a significant problem of deviant cases. Moreover, the article identifies research desiderates that scholars of the rentier state approach should take up