Photoproduction of W Bosons at HERA: Reweighting Method for implementing QCD Corrections in Monte Carlo Programs

A procedure of implementing QCD corrections in Monte Carlo programs by a reweighting method is described for the photoproduction of W bosons at HERA. Tables for W boson production in LO and NLO are given in bins of the transverse momentum of the W boson and its rapidity.Comment: 39 pages, latex, 5 figure

Photoproduction of W Bosons at HERA: QCD Corrections

W bosons can be produced in the channels e+- p -> W+- + X at HERA thus allowing to probe for anomalous trilinear couplings among the gauge bosons. We discuss the NLO QCD corrections to the photoproduction of W bosons with finite transverse momentum at HERA. The higher-order QCD corrections reduce the factorization scale dependence significantly and modify the leading order cross sections by +-O(10%).Comment: 15 pages, latex, 9 figures, published versio

Delayed dispersal as a potential route to cooperative breeding in ambrosia beetles

Xyleborini are a species-rich tribe of ambrosia beetles, which are haplodiploid and typically mate among siblings within their natal brood chamber. Several characteristics of this tribe would predict the evolution of higher levels of sociality: high genetic relatedness within galleries due to inbreeding, high costs of dispersal and the potential benefit of cooperation in brood care within the natal gallery (e.g. by fungus gardening, gallery extension, offspring feeding and cleaning). However, information on the social system of these beetles is very limited. We examined the potential for cooperative breeding in Xyleborinus saxeseni by monitoring dispersal in relation to brood size and composition. Results show that adult female offspring delay dispersal despite dispersal opportunities, and apparently some females never disperse. The females' decision to stay seems to depend on the presence of eggs and dependent siblings. We found no indication that female offspring reproduce in their natal gallery, as colonies with many mature daughters do not contain more eggs than those with few or no daughters. There is a significant positive relationship between the number of females present and the number of dependent siblings (but not eggs), which suggests that cooperative brood care of female offspring raises colony productivity by improving survival rates of immatures. Our results suggest that cooperative breeding is likely to occur in X. saxeseni and possibly other xyleborine species. We argue that a closer look at sociality within this tribe may yield important information on the factors determining the evolution of cooperative breeding and advanced social organizatio

The potential role of employers in promoting sustainable mobility in rural areas: evidence from Eastern Austria

In industrialized countries, mobility represents one of the most important sources of CO2 emissions. Most research on promoting sustainable, climate-friendly modes of transportation has focused on urban areas. Rural areas-although characterized by high dependency on individual car ownership and usage-have received less attention. This article explores the potential role of rural employers in supporting sustainable alternatives to commuting by (single-occupied) motorized vehicles among their employees. We conduct a collective case study that considers five employers located in Eastern Austria (Burgenland), drawing from multiple data sources including structured surveys, expert interviews, focus groups, and site visits. Our analysis shows that employers have little incentive to implement measures that foster sustainable mobility among their employees. On the one hand, the costs accruing to employers for implementing such measures tend to exceed the corresponding benefits by a significant margin (unlike in urban areas where significant cost reductions can arise for employers). On the other hand, also employees generally exhibit little demand for such measures. We conclude that both from a societal and a business perspective, it is not efficient to promote sustainable mobility in rural areas via employers

Zu Struktur und dynamischem Verhalten zweier Bis[lithio(trimethylsilyl)amino]silane

NMR-spectroscopic studies on solutions as well as X-ray structural investigations of the solids reveal that both Me2Si[N(Li)SiMe3]2 (1) and (Me3Si)2N-SiH[Me3SiN(Li)]2 (2) are dimeric molecular compounds in both phases. Moreover, in spite of their different reactivity and constitution, the Li, N, and Si atoms of both dimers from similar "basketshaped" molecular cages in the solid state. H-1-, Li-6/7-, and C-13-NMR spectra in toluene show temperature dependence which is ascribed to intramolecular bond fluctuations within the molecular cages causing an equilibration of the two enantiomers of both compounds which cocrystallize in the solid state. The different activation energies for the motions of 1 and 2, which are deduced by inspection of the spectra, can be explained by participation of the hydride hydrogen in the intramolecular process in 2

STRING and STITCH: known and predicted interactions between proteins and chemicals

Information on protein-protein and protein-chemical interactions is essential for understanding cellular functions. The STRING and STITCH web resources integrate interaction evidence derived from pathways, automatic literature mining, primary experimental data, and genomic context. The resulting interaction networks cover 1.5 million proteins from 373 organisms and 68,000 chemicals

TrackballWatch: Trackball and Rotary Knob as a Non-Occluding Input Method for Smartwatches in Map Navigation Scenarios

A common problem of touch-based smartwatch interaction is the occlusion of the display. Although some models provide solutions like the Apple “digital crown” or the Samsung rotatable bezel, these are limited to only one degree of freedom (DOF). Performing complex tasks like navigating on a map is still problematic as the additional input option helps to zoom, but touching the screen to pan the map is still required. In this work, we propose using a trackball as an additional input device that adds two DOFs to prevent the occlusion of the screen. We created several prototypes to find a suitable placement and evaluated them in a typical map navigation scenario. Our results show that the participants were significantly faster (15.7 %) with one of the trackball setups compared to touch input. The results also show that the idle times are significantly higher with touch input than with all trackball prototypes, presumably because users have to reorient themselves after panning with finger occlusion

Identification of YdhV as the first molybdoenzyme binding a Bis-Mo-MPT cofactor in escherichia coli

The oxidoreductase YdhV in Escherichia coli has been predicted to belong to the family of molybdenum/tungsten cofactor (Moco/Wco)-containing enzymes. In this study, we characterized the YdhV protein in detail, which shares amino acid sequence homology with a tungsten-containing benzoyl-CoA reductase binding the bis-W-MPT (for metal-binding pterin) cofactor. The cofactor was identified to be of a bis-Mo-MPT type with no guanine nucleotides present, which represents a form of Moco that has not been found previously in any molybdoenzyme. Our studies showed that YdhV has a preference for bis-Mo-MPT over bis-W-MPT to be inserted into the enzyme. In-depth characterization of YdhV by X-ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies revealed that the bis-Mo-MPT cofactor in YdhV is redox active. The bis-Mo-MPT and bis-W-MPT cofactors include metal centers that bind the four sulfurs from the two dithiolene groups in addition to a cysteine and likely a sulfido ligand. The unexpected presence of a bis-Mo-MPT cofactor opens an additional route for cofactor biosynthesis in E. coli and expands the canon of the structurally highly versatile molybdenum and tungsten cofactors

Einfluss einer Belastung mit bodenbürtigen Schaderregern auf bunt- und weißblühende Erbsen in einem Gefäßversuch

Generally, purple-flowered peas are assumed to be less susceptible to soilborne pests. The above- and belowground biomass yield of one purple-flowered and one white-flowered pea were compared on three soils with and without soil fatigue. Both peas showed lower above- and belowground biomass yield on soil fatigue soils than on unstressed soils. The aboveground yield´s decrease of the purple-flowered pea was higher than for white-flowered pea on two of the three soils. Hence, purple-flowered peas are generally not less susceptible to soilborne pests than white-flowered peas

Lithiumsalze des Tris(trimethylsilylamino)silans

Amides, which result from the reaction of tris(trimethylsilylamino)silane (Me3SiNH)3SiH (1) with n-butyllithium in the molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2 in nonpolar solvents, form a system in which the aminosilane 1, the monoamide (Me3SiNLi)(Me3-SiNH)2SiH (2a), the diamide (Me3SiNLi)2(Me3SiNH)SiH (3), and the triamide (Me3SiNLi)3SiH (4) are in equilibrium. When the monoamide 2a is dissolved in THF only the dimeric monolithiated THF adduct 2b is obtained. An X-ray structure analysis of the lithium silylamide 2b reveals that in the dimeric unit one of the lithium atoms is coordinated by THF, the two lithium atoms thus differing in coordination number (3 versus 4). An X-ray study of the triamide 4 reveals a centrosymmetric polycycle. Multipole interactions are formed between the lithium and the nitrogen atoms. The reaction of the diamide 3 with chlorotrimethylsilane in boiling THF yields the cis isomer of the cyclic diamide [(Me3SiNLi)(Me3-SiNH)SiN(SiMe3)]2.2 THF (5) as a byproduct. According to an X-ray structure analysis of 5 the lithium centers are coordinated by one oxygen and three nitrogen atoms, which form a strongly distorted tetrahedron. The interactions between lithium and nitrogen atoms N(1) and N(2), which are part of the four-membered Si2N2 cycle, have to be considered as weak on the basis of the remarkably long Li-N distances (233 and 243 pm)