Clonidina como droga sedativa e analgésica em pediatria = Clonidina as pediatric sedative and analgesic drug

Objetivo: O artigo revisa a utilização da clonidina em pacientes pediátricos como droga sedativa e analgésica tanto por via oral e endovenosa quanto na analgesia peridural em adição aos anestésicos locais Fonte de dados: Revisão de artigos a partir da busca na base de dados PUBMED no período de 1999- 2003 Síntese de dados: Clonidina, um a-2 agonista, produz sedação adequada quando administrada por via oral na dose de 4 mg/kg. No entanto, seu pico de ação é mais longo que o do midazolan. Clonidina usada por via endovenosa produz analgesia e sedação, dose-dependente, sem causar depressão ventilatória, tolerância ou dependência química com estabilidade cardiovascular. Adicionada aos anestésicos locais, a clonidina melhora a qualidade, bem como a duração da analgesia peridural, usada em injeção em bolus ou em administração contínua. Isto permite que menores concentações de anestésicos locais sejam utilizadas, evitando a possibilidade de toxicidade sistêmica e bloqueio motor quando concentrações mais elevadas são usadas Conclusão: Clonidina possui propriedades sedativas e analgésicas. Esta combinação de efeitos permite seu uso em várias situações clínicas, sendo utilizada, mais comumente, como medicação préanestésica por via oral. Clonidina, na terapia intensiliberava, é usada como substituto da morfina nos pacientes que se tornam tolerantes aos opióides ou de difícil sedação. No pós-operatório, a clonidina no bloqueio peridural adicionada aos anestésicos locais, leva a analgesia mais duradoura, sem causar depressão ventilatóri

Choque séptico em pediatria : o estado da arte

Objective Review the main aspects of the definition, diagnosis, and management of pediatric patients with sepsis and septic shock. Source of data A search was carried out in the MEDLINE and Embase databases. The articles were chosen according to the authors' interest, prioritizing those published in the last five years. Synthesis of data Sepsis remains a major cause of mortality in pediatric patients. The variability of clinical presentations makes it difficult to attain a precise definition in pediatrics. Airway stabilization with adequate oxygenation and ventilation if necessary, initial volume resuscitation, antibiotic administration, and cardiovascular support are the basis of sepsis treatment. In resource-poor settings, attention should be paid to the risks of fluid overload when administrating fluids. Administration of vasoactive drugs such as epinephrine or norepinephrine is necessary in the absence of volume response within the first hour. Follow-up of shock treatment should adhere to targets such as restoring vital and clinical signs of shock and controlling the focus of infection. A multimodal evaluation with bedside ultrasound for management after the first hours is recommended. In refractory shock, attention should be given to situations such as cardiac tamponade, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, abdominal catastrophe, and focus of uncontrolled infection. Conclusions The implementation of protocols and advanced technologies have reduced sepsis mortality. In resource-poor settings, good practices such as early sepsis identification, antibiotic administration, and careful fluid infusion are the cornerstones of sepsis management.Objetivo Revisar os principais aspectos da definição, diagnóstico e manejo do paciente pediátrico com sepse e choque séptico. Fontes de dados Uma pesquisa nas plataformas de dados Medline e Embase foi feita. Os artigos foram escolhidos segundo interesse dos autores, priorizaram-se as publicações dos últimos 5 anos. Síntese dos dados A sepse continua a ser uma causa importante de mortalidade em pacientes pediátricos. A variabilidade de apresentação clínica dificulta uma definição precisa em pediatria. A estabilização da via aérea com adequada oxigenação, e ventilação se necessário, ressuscitação volêmica inicial, administração de antibióticos e suporte cardiovascular são a base do tratamento da sepse. Em cenários de poucos recursos, deve-se atentar para os riscos de sobrecarga hídrica na administração de fluidos. A administração de drogas vasoativas como adrenalina ou noradrenalina, se faz necessária na ausência da resposta ao volume na primeira hora. O seguimento do tratamento do choque deve seguir alvos como restauração dos sinais vitais e clínicos de choque e controle do foco de infecção. Recomenda-se a avaliação multimodal, com auxílio da ecografia à beira-leito para manejo após as primeiras horas. No choque refratário, deve-se atentar para situações como tamponamento cardíaco, hipotireoidismo, insuficiência adrenal, catástrofe abdominal e foco de infecção não controlado. Conclusões Implantação de protocolos e avançadas tecnologias propiciou uma redução da mortalidade da sepse. Em cenários de poucos recursos, as boas práticas, como reconhecimento precoce da sepse, administração de antibióticos e cuidadosa infusão de fluidos, são os pilares do manejo da sepse

Airway resistance and respiratory compliance in children with acute viral bronchiolitis requiring mechanical ventilation support

Background: Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) is a very frequent disease that affects the lower airways of young children increasing the inspiratory and expiratory resistance in variable degree as well as reducing the pulmonary compliance. It would be desirable to know whether these variables are associated with the outcome. Objectives: To evaluate the respiratory mechanics in infants with AVB requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) support and to evaluate if respiratory mechanics predict outcomes in children with AVB supported on MV. To evaluate the respiratory mechanics in infants with AVB submitted to MV. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in two pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) between February 2016 and March 2017. Included were infants (1 month to 1 year old) admitted with AVB and requiring MV for >48 hours. Auto-PEEP, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), static compliance (Cstat), expiratory resistance (ExRes), and inspiratory resistance (InRes) were evaluated once daily on the second and third day of MV. Results: A total of 64 infants (median age of 2.8 months and a mean weight of 4.8 ± 1.7 kg) were evaluated. A mean positive inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 31.5 ± 5.2 cmH2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5.5 ± 1.4 cmH2O, resulting in a mean airway pressure (MAP) of 12.5 ± 2.2 cmH2O and delta pressure of 22.5 ± 4.4 cmH2O without difference between the two hospitals. Measurements of respiratory mechanics showed high values of InRes and ExRes (median 142 [IQ25–75 106–180] cmH2O/L/s and 158 [IQ25–75 130–195.3] cmH2O/L/s, respectively), accompanied by decreased Cdyn and Cstat (0.46 ± 0.19 and 0.81 ± 0.25 mL/kg/cmH2O, respectively). None of the variables was associated with mortality, length of MV, or length of PICU stay. Conclusion: Infants with AVB requiring MV support present very high InRes and ExRes values. These findings might be the reason for the aggressive ventilatory parameters, especially PIP, required to ventilate this group of children with lower airway obstruction. Clinical significance: Monitoring respiratory mechanics could represent a useful tool to guide the ventilatory strategy to be adopted in patients with AVB

Avaliação do procedimento de intubação traqueal em unidades de referência de terapia intensiva pediátricas e neonatais

OBJETIVO: Descrever a taxa de sucesso e os fenômenos associados ao procedimento de intubação traqueal em duas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais e duas pediátricas de Porto Alegre. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com etapas retrospectiva e prospectiva, em que foram avaliadas todas as intubações ocorridas durante 6 meses em quatro unidades selecionadas. Realizou-se revisão padronizada de prontuários e entrevista com os médicos responsáveis, para caracterizar o procedimento de intubação. Utilizou-se o teste t para variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal, Mann-Whitney para distribuição assimétrica e o qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas, com p OBJECTIVE: To describe intubation procedures in two pediatric and two neonatal intensive care units in the city of Porto Alegre. METHODS: Cross-sectional study divided into a retrospective and a prospective phase. All intubations performed in these units during a 6-month period were considered. Data were collected by interviewing the physician responsible for the procedure and reviewing the patients' charts, including drugs administered, sedation status, number of attempts, difficulties and complications during the procedure. Data were analyzed using the t test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables, considering a p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sedatives were administered in 89.5% of the 134 pediatric procedures and 24% of the 116 neonatal procedures (p < 0.001). Muscle relaxants were prescribed for 3% of the children and 0.9% of the neonates. Only 53.7% of the children and 31.9% of the neonates were considered as adequately relaxed. The children who were inadequately relaxed had more intubations attempts (2.4&plusmn;1.3 vs 1.7&plusmn;1.2 p = 0.001), became more hypoxemic (20.9 vs 5.5% p = 0.015) and were more difficult to intubate (54.8 vs 25% p < 0.001). There were more urgent cases and more intubations attempts (2&plusmn;1.2 vs 1.5&plusmn;0.9 p = 0.036) among the inadequately relaxed neonates. Difficulties and complications occurred in 38.8 and 28.3% of the pediatric cases and 29 and 12% of the neonatal cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was no established routine for intubation procedures in the units studied, and the use of muscle relaxants was not usual. The absence of adequate muscle relaxation is associated with more intubation attempts, difficulties and hypoxemia during the intubation procedure

Post cardiac surgery In children: extubation failure predictor's

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is important to know the risk factors for extubation failure (EF) in children submitted to cardiac surgery in order to avoid inherent events due to reintubation (airways injury, usage of medications, cardiovascular changes) and because of prolonged ventilatory support (pneumonias, reduction of the ventilatory muscles strength). The objective of this study is to evaluate mechanical ventilation (MV) parameters, ventilatory mechanics [rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), ventilatory muscles force [the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and the load/force balance (LFB)] and blood gases before and after extubation in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Prospective (March 2004 to March 2006) observational cross sectional study, enrolling children submitted to cardiac surgery admitted to an university PICU hospital and considered able to be extubated. With the tracheal tube in situ and maintaining the children spontaneously breathing we evaluate: expiratory minute volume (V E), MIP and MEP. We calculated the RSBI [(RR/VT)/Weight)], LFB [15x [(3xMAP)/MIP] + 0.03 x RSBI-5], the mean airway pressure (MAP) [MAP={(PIP-PEEP)x[Ti/(Te+Ti)]}+PEEP] and the oxygenation index (OI) [OI=(FiO2 x MAP/PaO2)x100]. Arterial blood gas was collected one hour before extubation. If after 48 hours there was no need to reintubate the patient the extubation was considered successful (SE). RESULTS: 59 children were included. EF was observed in 19% (11/59). Median (QI25%-75%) for age, weight, MAP, OI, duration of MV after cardiac surgery (DMV) were respectively, 36 (12-82) months, 12 (8-20) kg, 8 (6-9), 2 (2-5), 1 (1-3) days. Median (QI25-75%) of EF in relation to SE for OI, LFB and DMV were respectively 5(3-8) versus 2(2-4), p = 0.005; [8(6-11) versus 5(4-6), p =0.002 and 3(2-5) versus 1(1-2) days, p = 0.026. Mean ± SD of EF in relation to SE for V E, PaO2 and MIP were respectively 1.7 ± 0.82 versus 3 ± 2.7 mL/kg/min, p = 0.003); 64 ± 34 versus 111 ± 50 mmHg, p = 0.002 and 53 ± 18 versus 78 ± 28 cmH2O; p=0.002. Concerning the risk factors for EF: OI > 2 (area under the ROC 0.74, p = 0.017) and LFB > 4 (area under the ROC 0.80, p = 0.002), achieved a sensibility of 100% and specificity of 80%; MIP 2, LFB > 4, DMV > 3 days; V E 2 (área 0,74, p = 0,017) e da RCF > 4 (área 0,80, p = 0,002); 80% de sensibilidade e 60% de especificidade da PiMáx 2, RCF > 4, tempo de VPM > 3 dias, V E < 1,7 mL/kg/min , PaO2 < 64 mmHg e PiMáx < - 53 cmH2O. A MAP, o diagnóstico de base, o IRS e os gases sangüíneos não estiveram relacionados com a falha da extubação.PUC-RSUNIFESP-EPMHospital São PauloPUC-RS Faculdade de MedicinaUFRGSHospital São Lucas Unidade de Terapia Intensiva PediátricaUNIFESP-EPM Faculdade de MedicinaHospital São Paulo Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos PediátricaPronto Socorro Infantil Sabará e Santa CatarinaHospital São Lucas UTIPHospital São Paulo UCIP e Semi-IntensivaHospital São Lucas UTIP Unidade de Terapia Intensiva NeonatalUNIFESP, EPMHospital São PauloUNIFESP, EPM Faculdade de MedicinaHospital São Paulo Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos PediátricaHospital São Paulo UCIP e Semi-IntensivaSciEL

Nine equivalents of nursing manpower use score (NEMS) : a study of its historical process

Este estudo visa, por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, descrever o percurso histórico dos escores de intervenções terapêuticas com ênfase no Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Foram utilizados os descritores “Unidades de terapia intensiva” e “escalas” para publicações entre 2000 e 2009. Foram selecionados “Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score” ou “NEMS”, “Unidade de Terapia Intensiva”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-76”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 ou “TISS 28”. Selecionaram-se publicações das bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Dos 295 artigos capturados, 18 foram incluídos, sendo 55,5% em inglês. Os estudos abordam o NEMS (33,3%), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-76 (11,1%), TISS-28 (33,3%), entre outros. Pesquisas destacaram que o NEMS vem demonstrando ser uma ferramenta útil, operacional e sucinta.Este estudio tiene el objetivo de, a través de una revisión integradora de la literatura, describir el recorrido histórico de los puntajes de intervenciones terapéuticas con énfasis en el Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS), en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Se utilizaron los descriptores “Unidades de terapia intensiva” y escalas” para publicaciones entre 2000 y 2009. Han sido seleccionados “Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score” o “NEMS”, “Unidade de Terapia Intensiva”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-76”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 o “TISS 28”. Se seleccionaron publicaciones de las bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) y Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). De los 295 artículos elegidos se incluyeron 18, entre los cuales 55,5% en inglés. Los estudios enfocaron el NEMS (33,3%), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-76 (11,1%), TISS-28 (33,3%), entre otros. Investigaciones han destacado que el NEMS ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil, operacional y sucinta.This study aims to describe, through an integrative review of literature, the historical trajectory of therapeutic intervention scores with emphasis on Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score in Intensive Care Units. The descriptors “Intensive care units” and “scales” were looked up in publications issued between 2000 and 2009. The terms selected were: “Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score” or “NEMS”, “Unidade de Terapia Intensiva”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System 76”, “Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 or “TISS-28”. As to the publications, “Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online” (MEDLINE) and “Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde” (LILACS) were selected. Among the 295 papers reviewed, 18 were chosen, of which 55,5% were in English. The studies deal with NEMS (33,3%), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-76 (11,1%), TISS-28 (33,3%), among others. Research emphasized that NEMS has been a useful, operational and succinct tool