Training of seafarers working on ships operating in polar waters

The aim of this thesis is to identify the competence gaps for seafarers who sail in polar waters have after completing the existing training courses based on the Polar Code. The best way to protect the environment and people in the Polar regions is by increasing the knowledge and competence of the people working in the vulnerable regions to ensure they make the best possible decisions and avoid dangerous situations. Chapter 12 in the Polar Code sets requirements to competence for personnel working on ships operating in polar waters, resulting in new courses developed to comply with the requirements in the Polar Code. The Basic and Advanced Polar Code courses focus on navigation in polar waters and are made for navigational officers, chief officers, and captains on ships operating in ice-covered waters, excluding those working on a vessel, not in charge of a navigational watch. It is, furthermore, suggested that either a “Polar basic safety course” can be developed and introduced for all seafarers working on ships operating in polar waters to increase safety, or an additional theme regarding polar water survival can be added to the existing STCW basic safety training course

A text message intervention for quitting cigarette smoking among young adults experiencing homelessness: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundCigarette smoking is much more prevalent among young people experiencing homelessness than in the general population of adolescents and young adults. Although many young homeless smokers are motivated to quit, there are no empirically-evaluated smoking cessation programs for this population. It is important that any such program address the factors known to be associated with quitting-related outcomes among homeless young people, to provide ongoing support in a way that accommodates the mobility of this population, and does not rely on scarce service provider resources for its delivery. The objective of this project is to develop and pilot test a text messaging-based intervention (TMI), as an adjunct to brief cessation counseling and provision of nicotine patches, to help homeless young people who want to quit smoking.Methods/designThis pilot study will utilize a cluster cross-over randomized controlled design with up to 80 current smokers who desire to quit and are recruited from three drop-in centers serving young people experiencing homelessness in the Los Angeles area. All participants will be provided with a minimum standard of care: a 30-min group-based smoking cessation counseling session and free nicotine replacement. Half of these smokers will then also receive the TMI, as an adjunct to this standard care, which will provide 6 weeks of ongoing support for quitting. This support includes continued and more intensive education regarding nicotine dependence, quitting smoking, and relapse; does not require additional agency resources; can be available "on demand" to users; and includes features to personalize the quitting experience. This study will investigate whether receiving the TMI adjunct to standard smoking cessation care results in greater reductions in cigarette smoking compared to standard care alone over a 3-month period.DiscussionThis study has the potential to address an important gap in the clinical research literature on cigarette smoking cessation and provide empirical support for using a TMI to provide ongoing assistance and support for quitting among young smokers experiencing homelessness. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03874585. Registered March 14, 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03874585

Hard-working heroes or curious students?:Au pair positioning, organizing and negotiation

The precarious position and poor working conditions of au pairs in the Nordic and other western labor markets are well documented. Furthermore, research on au pairs and migrant domestic workers emphasizes many obstacles to their organizing (e.g., in trade unions) and negotiation to improve their working conditions. Using an ethnographic study of Filipino au pairs in Denmark as an illustrative case, we supplement this previous research by presenting an analytical approach inspired by governmentality studies. This approach highlights the complex transnational interplay of migration policies and practices affecting Filipino au pairs’ positioning in the Danish labor market and contributes to exploring how this positioning relates to their prospects for negotiating and organizing. We suggest that with a close examination of the often contradictory and multifaceted positioning of migrant workers in transnational policy fields, not only obstacles but also possibilities for negotiation and organizing to improve working conditions will become visibl

The effects of financial constraints on business fundamentals and asset returns : evidence from a small open economy

In this thesis we investigate whether financially constrained firms are fundamentally riskier than unconstrained firms, whether this risk is priced in the form of a financial constraint factor, and whether the financial constraint factor represents an independent source of return movements. The investigation will be in the context of the Norwegian economy and securities markets. Using various measures of financial constraints, we form portfolios of constrained and unconstrained firms in a similar fashion to Fama and French (1992). Following Campello and Chen (2010) we estimate differences in the real business risk of constrained and unconstrained firms by regressing their median real operating earnings- and investment growth on macroeconomic and credit market variables. We test whether the risk is priced by subtracting the monthly stock market returns of constrained firms from unconstrained firms, creating a financial constraint factor. Finally, following Lamont et al. (2001), we investigate whether the financial constraint factor represents an independent source of movement in returns by regressing it on benchmark asset pricing models, including Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965)’s CAPM, the Fama and French (1992) three-factor model and the Fama and French (2015) five-factor model. We find evidence that financially constrained firms are fundamentally riskier than unconstrained firms, and that this risk is priced in the form of a financial constraint factor. The results point to financial constraints being time-varying and binding more in downturns than expansions. We find that a negative oil price shock is associated with increasing financial constraints in the Norwegian economy. Furthermore, we find that financially constrained firms in Norway behave in a similar fashion to constrained firms in the US, suggesting that financial constraints are not significantly different across various economic settings. Finally, the combined real-financial results point to the existence of a macroeconomy-equity valuation channel along the lines of Gertler and Bernanke (1989).nhhma

Determinants for binge drinking among adolescents in Denmark

Background and Objective: Binge drinking is a relatively common behavior among adolescents in Denmark. The aim of this study is to assess whether peer alcohol drinking, mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes toward alcohol drinking, and the adolescents’ own financial situations (e.g., the presence of pocket money) predict binge drinking among adolescents in Denmark.Methods: This study is based on the Danish data from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, which took place in 2011. This cross-sectional survey obtained data from 2765 adolescents who were in grade 9 in Denmark at that time. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the outcome variable of binge drinking and the exposure variables of alcohol-drinking peers, pocket money, and mother’s/father’s approval of intoxication.Results: The risk of binge drinking increased with the number of alcohol-drinking peers (trend test, p < .0001) and with the amount of pocket money spent (trend test, p < .0001. The association between the mother’s approval of intoxication and binge drinking is complex. Boys had a higher risk of binge drinking (odds ratio, 2.2 [1.1-4.3]) if their mothers approved of their intoxication with alcohol; however, this association was not seen among girls (odds ratio, 1.0 [0.5-2.0]). There was no significant association between the father’s approval of intoxication and binge drinking.Conclusion: The proportion of alcohol-drinking peers and the amount of pocket money spent appear to be determinants of adolescent binge drinking. The mother’s approval of intoxication appears to be a determinant for binge drinking among boys but not among girls. The father’s approval of intoxication does not appear to be a determinant of binge drinking