Plan de negocios para el desarrollo de una empresa de intermediación de servicios especializados para mascotas a través de una plataforma digital (aplicación móvil)

Propone un negocio en el que se evalúa la viabilidad teórica y económica para la posterior implementación de una plataforma digital con aplicativo móvil de intermediación de servicios especializados donde se puedan comercializar productos y/o servicios para personas que tengan mascotas en la Zona Metropolitana de Lima, basada en el modelo de negocio de economía colaborativa. Ante la necesidad de contribuir y facilitar la vida a la población económicamente activa, se propone la creación de una plataforma digital con aplicativo móvil de intermediación para ofrecer servicios especializados para mascotas, teniendo como valor añadido el ofrecer la seguridad a nuestros clientes de que los prestadores de servicios afiliados a nuestra plataforma digital y aplicación móvil cumplen con estándares de calidad en su trabajo. Así, la información analizada en este documento nos permite determinar la viabilidad del negocio, para lo cual se considera el año 2020 como el año cero para el proyecto, y el inicio operativo para principios del 2021. En un primer apartado, se presentará la idea de negocio de manera general y a los integrantes del equipo promotor de este proyecto, resaltando su experiencia en distintas áreas laborales y campos de estudio. Se definen los objetivos generales y específicos del proyecto, así como la justificación del modelo de negocio. Asimismo, se revisarán las condiciones legales y jurídicas para la constitución de una persona moral en la provincia de Lima, las obligaciones tributarias y el alcance general de la Ley de Protección de Animales en Perú. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis exhaustivo de las estrategias a seguir en el área de mercadotecnia. Primero, definiendo el alcance del producto y el mercado al que éste va dirigido, con una descripción general de los servicios que serán ofertados a través de la aplicación móvil. Se realiza un análisis del sector mascotas en Perú y las condiciones actuales de competencia en la ciudad de Lima, con especial énfasis en las expectativas de crecimiento del sector en el corto y mediano plazo, y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio a través de medios digitales. Para esto, se realizó una investigación de mercado para conocer las características y preferencias de las personas que cuentan con mascotas con el fin de brindar más información sobre las necesidades que como empresa debemos satisfacer en primera instancia. Se analizan también los proveedores actuales de servicio en la zona, especialmente aquellos con un potencial de afiliación a la aplicación que permitan añadir valor a nuestro emprendimiento, principalmente por la cartera de clientes y experiencia que tienen en el mercado. Al ser un intermediario, es importante establecer una vinculación comercial estrecha a largo plazo. Asimismo, se realiza una evaluación de factores internos y externos a la empresa con impacto directo en la planeación y formulación de estrategias en materia administrativa, de crecimiento y penetración de mercado, segmentación según características e intereses similares de la población objetivo, y la posición de la empresa frente a la competencia actual y futura. Estos elementos son desarrollados a detalle en el apartado de mezcla de mercadotecnia. Una vez realizado el estudio de mercado y definido las estrategias a seguir, se desarrolla un plan comercial, económico y financiero que evalúa la viabilidad del negocio bajo estas premisas y con el planteamiento de distintos escenarios. En el apartado de operación y procesos, se describe la interacción entre los grupos de interés involucrados en el negocio: proveedores de servicios especializados, nuestra empresa como intermediario comercial, los usuarios propietarios de mascotas, y el alcance de agentes externos que brindan soporte a la operación del negocio a través de la aplicación. Por último, se evalúan las condiciones generales del proyecto desde el área administrativa y de recursos humanos para el desarrollo de estrategias a mediano y largo plazo, así como la definición de indicadores que permitan llevar control y seguimiento de la evolución del negocio. En resumen, con el análisis estratégico del mercado, la organización interna de la empresa y la viabilidad económica del modelo de negocio, se definirá el alcance de esta propuesta de negocio, respaldado por el aumento en el número de hogares con mascotas y las facilidades de intermediación de servicios a través de dispositivos móviles con aplicativo específico, resultando en una oportunidad de negocio tangible y con gran potencial de implementación en el Perú

Global hepatitis C elimination: an investment framework

WHO has set global targets for the elimination of hepatitis B and hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. However, investment in elimination programmes remains low. To help drive political commitment and catalyse domestic and international financing, we have developed a global investment framework for the elimination of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The global investment framework presented in this Health Policy paper outlines national and international activities that will enable reductions in hepatitis C incidence and mortality, and identifies potential sources of funding and tools to help countries build the economic case for investing in national elimination activities. The goal of this framework is to provide a way for countries, particularly those with minimal resources, to gain the substantial economic benefit and cost savings that come from investing in hepatitis C elimination

Innovative strategies for the elimination of viral hepatitis at a national level: a country case series

Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but has long been neglected by national and international policymakers. Recent modelling studies suggest that investing in the global elimination of viral hepatitis is feasible and cost-effective. In 2016, all 194 member states of the World Health Organization endorsed the goal to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, but complex systemic and social realities hamper implementation efforts. This paper presents eight case studies from a diverse range of countries that have invested in responses to viral hepatitis and adopted innovative approaches to tackle their respective epidemics. Based on an investment framework developed to build a global investment case for the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030, national activities and key enablers are highlighted that showcase the feasibility and impact of concerted hepatitis responses across a range of settings, with different levels of available resources and infrastructural development. These case studies demonstrate the utility of taking a multipronged, public health approach to: (a) evidence-gathering and planning; (b) implementation; and (c) integration of viral hepatitis services into the Agenda for Sustainable Development. They provide models for planning, investment and implementation strategies for other countries facing similar challenges and resource constraints

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society