Development of a noise annoyance sensitivity scale

Examining the problem of noise pollution from the psychological rather than the engineering view, a test of human sensitivity to noise was developed against the criterion of noise annoyance. Test development evolved from a previous study in which biographical, attitudinal, and personality data was collected on a sample of 166 subjects drawn from the adult community of Raleigh. Analysis revealed that only a small subset of the data collected was predictive of noise annoyance. Item analysis yielded 74 predictive items that composed the preliminary noise sensitivity test. This was administered to a sample of 80 adults who later rate the annoyance value of six sounds (equated in terms of peak sound pressure level) presented in a simulated home, living-room environment. A predictive model involving 20 test items was developed using multiple regression techniques, and an item weighting scheme was evaluated

Ames ER-2 ozone measurements

The objective of this research is to study ozone (O3) in the stratosphere. Measurements of the ozone mixing ratio at 1 s intervals are obtained with an ultraviolet photometer which flies on the ER-2 aircraft. The photometer determines the amount of ozone in air by measuring the transmission of ultraviolet light through a fixed path with and without ambient O3 present

The Cluster Distribution as a Test of Dark Matter Models. IV: Topology and Geometry

We study the geometry and topology of the large-scale structure traced by galaxy clusters in numerical simulations of a box of side 320 $h^{-1}$ Mpc, and compare them with available data on real clusters. The simulations we use are generated by the Zel'dovich approximation, using the same methods as we have used in the first three papers in this series. We consider the following models to see if there are measurable differences in the topology and geometry of the superclustering they produce: (i) the standard CDM model (SCDM); (ii) a CDM model with $\Omega_0=0.2$ (OCDM); (iii) a CDM model with a `tilted' power spectrum having $n=0.7$ (TCDM); (iv) a CDM model with a very low Hubble constant, $h=0.3$ (LOWH); (v) a model with mixed CDM and HDM (CHDM); (vi) a flat low-density CDM model with $\Omega_0=0.2$ and a non-zero cosmological $\Lambda$ term ($\Lambda$CDM). We analyse these models using a variety of statistical tests based on the analysis of: (i) the Euler-Poincar\'{e} characteristic; (ii) percolation properties; (iii) the Minimal Spanning Tree construction. Taking all these tests together we find that the best fitting model is $\Lambda$CDM and, indeed, the others do not appear to be consistent with the data. Our results demonstrate that despite their biased and extremely sparse sampling of the cosmological density field, it is possible to use clusters to probe subtle statistical diagnostics of models which go far beyond the low-order correlation functions usually applied to study superclustering.Comment: 17 pages, 7 postscript figures, uses mn.sty, MNRAS in pres

The "zeroth law" of turbulence: Isotropic turbulence simulations revisited

The dimensionless kinetic energy dissipation rate C_epsilon is estimated from numerical simulations of statistically stationary isotropic box turbulence that is slightly compressible. The Taylor microscale Reynolds number Re_lambda range is 20 < Re_lambda < 220 and the statistical stationarity is achieved with a random phase forcing method. The strong Re_lambda dependence of C_epsilon abates when Re_lambda approx. 100 after which C_epsilon slowly approaches approx 0.5 a value slightly different to previously reported simulations but in good agreement with experimental results. If C_epsilon is estimated at a specific time step from the time series of the quantities involved it is necessary to account for the time lag between energy injection and energy dissipation. Also, the resulting value can differ from the ensemble averaged value by up to +-30%. This may explain the spread in results from previously published estimates of C_epsilon.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Selecting children for head CT following head injury

OBJECTIVE: Indicators for head CT scan defined by the 2007 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines were analysed to identify CT uptake, influential variables and yield. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Hospital inpatient units: England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands. PATIENTS: Children (3 years were much more likely to have CT than those <3 years (OR 2.35 (95% CI 2.08 to 2.65)). CONCLUSION: Compliance with guidelines and diagnostic yield was variable across age groups, the type of hospital and region where children were admitted. With this pattern of clinical practice the risks of both missing intracranial injury and overuse of CT are considerable

Oblivion: Mitigating Privacy Leaks by Controlling the Discoverability of Online Information

Search engines are the prevalently used tools to collect information about individuals on the Internet. Search results typically comprise a variety of sources that contain personal information -- either intentionally released by the person herself, or unintentionally leaked or published by third parties, often with detrimental effects on the individual's privacy. To grant individuals the ability to regain control over their disseminated personal information, the European Court of Justice recently ruled that EU citizens have a right to be forgotten in the sense that indexing systems, must offer them technical means to request removal of links from search results that point to sources violating their data protection rights. As of now, these technical means consist of a web form that requires a user to manually identify all relevant links upfront and to insert them into the web form, followed by a manual evaluation by employees of the indexing system to assess if the request is eligible and lawful. We propose a universal framework Oblivion to support the automation of the right to be forgotten in a scalable, provable and privacy-preserving manner. First, Oblivion enables a user to automatically find and tag her disseminated personal information using natural language processing and image recognition techniques and file a request in a privacy-preserving manner. Second, Oblivion provides indexing systems with an automated and provable eligibility mechanism, asserting that the author of a request is indeed affected by an online resource. The automated ligibility proof ensures censorship-resistance so that only legitimately affected individuals can request the removal of corresponding links from search results. We have conducted comprehensive evaluations, showing that Oblivion is capable of handling 278 removal requests per second, and is hence suitable for large-scale deployment

Diffusion, peer pressure and tailed distributions

We present a general, physically motivated non-linear and non-local advection equation in which the diffusion of interacting random walkers competes with a local drift arising from a kind of peer pressure. We show, using a mapping to an integrable dynamical system, that on varying a parameter, the steady state behaviour undergoes a transition from the standard diffusive behavior to a localized stationary state characterized by a tailed distribution. Finally, we show that recent empirical laws on economic growth can be explained as a collective phenomenon due to peer pressure interaction.Comment: RevTex: 4 pages + 3 eps-figures. Minor Revision and figure 3 replaced. To appear in Phys. Rev. Letter