Distribution and Abundance of Juvenile Salmonids off Oregon and Washington, 1981-1985

This report is a summary of the results of 883 purse seine sets made for juvenile salmonids during 15 cruises off the coasts of Oregon and Washington during the springs and summers of 1981-1985. Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) occurred most frequently, followed by chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha). The juveniles of these two species co-occurred more frequently than expected. Juvenile chum, pink and sockeye salmon (0. keta, O. gorbuscha, and O. nerka), steelhead (0. mykiss) and cutthroat trout (0. clarki clarki) were caught much less frequently and in lower numbers than coho or chinook salmon. We found no evidence of large schools ofjuvenile salmonids. A northerly movement of juvenile coho salmon wa~ suggested by decreased catches off Oregon and increased catches off Washington between early and late summer. Highest catch per set of juvenile coho salmon was usually found inshore of 37.2 km. Juvenile chinook salmon were usually found within 27.9 km of the coast. Juvenile salmonids were found over a broad range of surface salinities and temperatures. High catches of juvenile coho salmon occurred in both the low salinity waters of the Columbia River plume and in adjacent higher salinity waters. Preferences for specific salinities or temperatures were not obvious for any species, although catch rates of juvenile coho salmon were highest in years when chlorophyll content was also high. Based on expansions of fish with coded wire tags, we estimated that hatchery coho salmon smolts comprised 74%, on average, of the juvenile coho salmon catches. The remaining 26% were presumably wild fish or hatchery fish released as fingerlings. Hatchery coho salmon were caught roughly in proportion to the numbers released. However, hatchery fish from the Columbia River and private coastal facilities were caught at slightly higher rates while those from coastal Washington and public coastal Oregon hatcheries were caught at slightly lower rates than expected from the numbers released. No juvenile coho salmon with coded wire tags were caught that had originated from either California or Puget Sound hatcheries. (PDF file contains 88 pages.

Optic Disc Imaging in Conscious Rats and Mice

PURPOSE. To determine whether useful images of the optic discs of conscious rats and mice can be obtained by using a photo slit lamp and a modified Goldmann-type fundus contact lens. METHODS. Testing was performed with a photo slit lamp equipped with two 2x teleconverters and a digital camera through a Goldmann-type fundus contact lens that was fabricated for the rodent eye. RESULTS. Images of the rat and mouse optic discs were obtained that are comparable to those used by ophthalmologists to assess optic neuropathy in glaucoma, a key part of the standard of care and of clinical investigation of this disease. The cup in the optic disc image of these rodents is darker than the neural rim of the disc, rather than lighter, as it is in humans. CONCLUSIONS. In addition to the application of this imaging method to studies of the effect on optic disc cupping of induced increased intraocular pressure in rats and mice, by detecting and documenting the onset and the course of optic neuropathy, it should be valuable in identifying animal models of glaucoma, in studying neuropathogenic mechanisms, and in assessing the effects of experimental therapies. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:160 -163 3 However, a laboratory animal model of POAG is still not available. One factor in the delay was resolved by a reliable, noninvasive method for measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in conscious rats 4 and mice, 5 because increased IOP, also called ocular hypertension, is the most important risk factor in human POAG. Still missing for phenotypic assessment of a rodent mimic of this disease is a reliable method for documenting in the living animal the sine qua non of POAGits characteristic optic neuropathy. The present report describes a method for obtaining images of the optic disc in conscious rats and mice that are comparable to those routinely available to ophthalmologists for detecting the onset and monitoring the course of optic neuropathy in patients with POAG. This is a key part of both the current standard of care and of clinical investigation of this disease. 6 By obtaining documenting images of the optic discs over time in rodent models of POAG, changes in the discs' appearance that are comparable to those observed clinically in humans can be correlated with the histology and histochemistry of the optic nerve head. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the guidelines of the University Committee on the Use and Care of Animals (UCUCA) of the University of Michigan. Optic disc images were obtained in Brown Norway rats (Harlan Sprague-Dawley, Indianapolis, IN) and in CS7 Black mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME). Initial experiments were performed under general anesthesia with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg). Subsequently, images were obtained in conscious, untrained rats and mice that were gently restrained in modified rat or mouse polyethylene cones (Decapicone; Braintree Scientific, Inc., Braintree, MA) as has been described for Goldmann applanation tonometry in awake mice. 5 Briefly, the apex of the cone was trimmed so that the animal's head could protrude until the cut edge of the cone crossed temporally midway between the eyes and ears. As in humans, the animals' pupils were dilated with drops of tropicamide (Mydriacyl 1%; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Ft. Worth, TX), and their eyes were topically anesthetized with drops of proparacaine 0.5%. The animals were positioned at a photo slit lamp (900 P-BQ; Haag-Streit, AG, Köniz, Switzerland) on a Plexiglas platform supported by aluminum posts that fit into the holes for the chin-rest paper pins. Goldmann-Type Fundus Lens with Hruby Preset Lens-Type Holder A special Goldmann-type fundus contact lens The contact lens, with a minute drop of 2.5% methylcellulose on the contact area, was placed on the cornea. One person adjusted the animal's position until the disc came into view for the other person, the photo slit lamp operator. The Hruby lens-type holder supported the contact lens. Its control lever was used for alignment, adjusting light reflexes away from the disc by slight turning and tilting of the contact lens, and maintaining focus by avoiding the movement of these small animals that a finger-held contact lens can cause. Digital Image Acquisition This photo slit lamp has a mirror housing that incorporates a front surface mirror that swings into the optical path and closes its flash contact when its shutter release bar is activated. The photo slit lamp settings in this study included: Galilean power changer at 25x, mirror housing diaphragm at 3, slit illuminator spotlight diameter at 3 mm and filter at heat-absorbing, and light source flash at high. Attached to the mirror housing was the objective tube for monophotography, an adapter (model F; Nikon, Melville, NY), two teleconverters (TC-201 2x; Nikon) and the camera. A digital camera (FinePix S1 Pro; Fujifilm, Elmsford, NY) was used for the imaging. Its picture element is a 23.3 ϫ 15.6-mm chargecoupled device (CCD) with primary color filter with 3.4 megapixels in From th

Anatomi dan Fisiologi Untuk Paramedis

Peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat merupakan tantangan bagi masyarakat berkembang. Perubahan dalam bidang itu tidak terjadi secara otomatis, melainkan secara terencana, dalam proses belajar terus menerus tentang pendidikan kesehatan. Buku ini menunjang usaha tersebut. Isinya mengandung uraian tentang susunan tubuh manusia dan hubungan antar bagiannya, juga tentang fungsinya atau kerja tubuh manusia dalam keadaan normal. Pelajaran anatomi dan fisiologi terkenal sebagai pelajaran yang kering, membosankan, dan kurang menarik. Tetapi buku ini lain daripada yang biasanya, karena memuat lebih dari 200gambar yang berfungsi sebagai bahan ilustrasi, sehingga anatomi dan fisiologi menjadi begitu memikat. Gambar-gambar yang sederhana tapi tepat akan mengantar para pembaca mencapai sasaran pelajaran anatomi dan fisiologi.viii+286 hlm; 15,5 x 24 c

Empowering Parents by Arming them with Personalized Student Data

Arming parents with their own child\u27s data history and personalized small group sessions with the principal leads to increased parental involvement and increased student achievement. Parents are provided an in-depth look at assessments, how teachers plan using data, and how their child compares through a series of parent data sessions. Easy to use templates, agendas, and materials needed for the meetings and the actual data wall will be shared