PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, LEVERAGE DAN PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE (Studi Pada Perusahaan Property and Real Estate yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2011-2015)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis secara empiris mengenai pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, leverage dan pertumbuhan penjualan pada perusahaan property and real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada periode 2011-2015. Faktor-faktor yang diuji dalam penelitian ini yaitu ukuran perusahaan, leverage, pertumbuhan penjualan dan tax avoidance. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan metode asosiatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari website IDX. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 16 perusahaan property and real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2011-2015. Pengujian hipotesis penelitian menggunakan statistik uji t (parsial) dan statistik uji f (simultan). Proses analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS 24 for Windows. Untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh ukuran perusahaan terhadap tax avoidance, pengaruh leverage terhadap tax avoidance, pengaruh pertumbuhan penjualan terhadap tax avoidance dan pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, leverage dan pertumbuhan penjualan terhadap tax avoidance digunakan analisis regresi logistik, analisis korelasi dan koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tax avoidance dengan persentase pengaruh sebesar 11,5%. Leverage berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tax avoidance dengan persentase pengaruh sebesar 7,3%. Pertumbuhan penjualan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tax avoidance dengan persentase pengaruh sebesar 4,3%. Ukuran perusahaan, leverage dan pertumbuhan penjualan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tax avoidance dengan persentase pengaruh sebesar 27,3%. Kata Kunci: Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Pertumbuhan Penjualan dan Tax Avoidanc

The molecularweight dependence of thermoelectric properties of poly (3-Hexylthiophene)

Organic materials have been found to be promising candidates for low-temperature thermoelectric applications. In particular, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been attracting great interest due to its desirable intrinsic properties, such as excellent solution processability, chemical and thermal stability, and high field-effect mobility. However, its poor electrical conductivity has limited its application as a thermoelectric material. It is therefore important to improve the electrical conductivity of P3HT layers. In this work, we studied how molecular weight (MW) influences the thermoelectric properties of P3HT films. The films were doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide salt (LiTFSI) and 4-tert butylpyridine (TBP). Various P3HT layers with different MWs ranging from 21 to 94 kDa were investigated. UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis were performed to investigate the morphology and structure features of thin films with different MWs. The electrical conductivity initially increased when the MW increased and then decreased at the highest MW, whereas the Seebeck coefficient had a trend of reducing as the MW grew. The maximum thermoelectric power factor (1.87 μW/mK2) was obtained for MW of 77 kDa at 333 K. At this temperature, the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of this MW were 65.5 S/m and 169 μV/K, respectively

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of isavuconazole against aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus flavus in adult patients with invasive fungal diseases: Should therapeutic drug monitoring for isavuconazole be considered as mandatory as for the other mold-active azoles?

Isavuconazole is a newer broad-spectrum triazole approved for the treatment of invasive fungal disease. The objective of this study was to conduct a population pharmacokinetic and pharma-codynamic analysis of isavuconazole in a retrospective cohort of hospitalized patients. A nonlinear mixed-effect approach with Monte Carlo simulations was conducted to assess the probability of target attainment (PTA) of an area under the concentration–time curve (AUC24 h )/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio of 33.4 (defined as efficacy threshold against A. fumigatus and A. flavus) associated with a maintenance dose (MD) of 100, 200 and 300 mg daily after loading. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) against the EUCAST MIC distributions of A. fumigatus and A. flavus was calculated as well. The proportion of trough concentrations (Ctrough ) exceeding a defined threshold of toxicity (>5.13 mg/L) was estimated. A total of 50 patients, with a median age of 61.5 years, pro-vided 199 plasma isavuconazole concentrations. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was the prevalent type of infection and accounted for 80% (40/50) of cases. No clinical covariates were retained by the model. With the standard MD of 200 mg daily, CFRs were always ≥90% during the first two months of treatment. The risk of Ctrough < 1.0 mg/L was around 1%, and that of Ctrough > 5.13 mg/L was 27.7 and 39.2% at 28 and 60 days, respectively, due to isavuconazole accumulation over time. Our findings suggest that TDM for isavuconazole should not be considered as mandatory as for the other mold-active azoles voriconazole and posaconazole

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antifungal Drugs: Another Tool to Improve Patient Outcome?

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the relationship among adequate dose, serum concentration and clinical outcome in a non-selected group of hospitalized patients receiving antifungals. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study performed between March 2015 and June 2015. Dosage of antifungals was considered adequate according to the IDSA guidelines, whereas trough serum concentrations (determined with HPLC) were considered adequate as follows: fluconazole > 11\ua0\ub5g/ml, echinocandins > 1\ua0\ub5g/ml, voriconazole 1\u20135.5\ua0\ub5g/ml and posaconazole > 0.7\ua0\ub5g/ml. Results: During the study period, 84 patients (65.4% male, 59.6\ua0years) received antifungals for prophylaxis (40.4%), targeted (31.0%) and empirical therapy (28.6%). The most frequent drug was micafungin (28/84; 33.3%) followed by fluconazole (23/84; 27.4%), voriconazole (15/84; 17.9%), anidulafungin (8/84; 9.5%), posaconazole (7/84; 8.3%) and caspofungin (3/84; 3.6%). Considerable interindividual variability was observed for all antifungals with a large proportion of the patients (64.3%) not attaining adequate trough serum concentrations, despite receiving an adequate antifungal dose. Attaining the on-target serum antifungal level was significantly associated with a favorable clinical outcome (OR = 0.02; 95% CI 0.01\u20130.64; p = 0.03), whereas the administration of an adequate antifungal dosage was not. Conclusions: With the standard antifungal dosage, a considerable proportion of patients have low drug concentrations, which are associated with poor clinical outcome

A descriptive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of continuous infusion ceftazidime-avibactam for treating DTR gram-negative infections in a case series of critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)

Purpose: To explore pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile of continuous infusion (CI) ceftazidime-avibactam for treating difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative (DTR-GN) infections in critical patients undergoing continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Materials and methods: Patients treated with CI ceftazidime-avibactam for DTR-GN infections during CVVHDF were retrospectively assessed. Ceftazidime and avibactam concentrations were measured at steady-state and the free fraction (fCss) was calculated. Total clearance (CLtot) of both agents were calculated and the impact of CVVHDF intensity was assessed by linear regression. The joint PK/PD target of ceftazidime-avibactam was defined as optimal when both fCss/MIC≥4 for ceftazidime and fCss/CT > 1 for avibactam were achieved. Relationship between ceftazidime-avibactam PK/PD targets and microbiological outcome was assessed. Results: Eight patients with DTR-GN infections were retrieved. Median fCss were 84.5 (73.7–87.7 mg/L) for ceftazidime and 24.8 mg/L (20.7–25.8 mg/L) for avibactam. Median CLtot was 2.39 L/h (2.05–2.96 L/h) for ceftazidime and 2.56 L/h (2.12–2.98 L/h) for avibactam. Median CVVHDF dose was 38.6 mL/h/kg (35.9–40.0 mL/kg/h). CLtot were linearly correlated with CVVHDF dose (r = 0.53;p = 0.03, and r = 0.64;p = 0.006, respectively). The joint PK/PD targets were optimal granting microbiological eradication in all the assessable cases. Conclusion: CI administration of 1.25–2.5 g q8h ceftazidime-avibactam may allow prompt attainment and maintenance of optimal joint PK/PD targets during high-intensity CVVHDF

Invasive Candida infection: epidemiology, clinical and therapeutic aspects of an evolving disease and the role of rezafungin

Introduction: Invasive Candida Infections (ICIs) have undergone a series of significant epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical changes during the last decades, with a shift toward non-albicans species, an increase in the rate of exogenous infections and clinical manifestations ranging from candidemia to an array of highly invasive and life-threatening clinical syndromes. The long-acting echinocandin rezafungin exhibits potent in-vitro activity against most wild-type and azole-resistant Candida spp. including C.auris. Areas covered: The following topics regarding candidemia only and ICIs were reviewed and addressed: i) pathogenesis; ii) epidemiology and temporal evolution of Candida species; iii) clinical approach; iv) potential role of the novel long-acting rezafungin in the treatment of ICIs. Expert opinion: Authors’ expert opinion focused on considering the potential role of rezafungin in the evolving context of ICIs. Rezafungin, which combines a potent in-vitro activity against Candida species, including azole-resistant strains and C.auris, with a low likelihood of drug–drug interactions and a good safety profile, may revolutionize the treatment of candidemia/ICI. Indeed, it may shorten the length of hospital stays when clinical conditions allow and extend outpatient access to treatment of invasive candidiasis, especially when prolonged treatment duration is expected

Real-Time TDM-based optimization of continuous-infusion meropenem for improving treatment outcome of febrile neutropenia in oncohaematological patients: Results from a prospective, monocentric, interventional study

Objectives: To assess the role that real-Time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided optimization of continuous-infusion (CI) meropenem may have in maximizing empirical treatment and in preventing breakthrough infection and/or colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among oncohaematological patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). Methods: A monocentric, interventional, prospective study was conducted. The pharmacodynamic (PD) target was a steady-state meropenem concentration-To-MIC ratio (Css/MIC) of 4-8. The primary endpoint was 14 day all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was the prevalence of CRE colonization in rectal swabs of patients rehospitalized within 3months. Results: Among the 75 patients enrolled, most (56%) had AML, almost half (37/75, 49.3%) underwent HSCT and one-Third (32%) received meropenem as monotherapy. Meropenem dosages were adjusted in 30.1% of TDM reassessments. Gram-negative infections were microbiologically documented in 20.0% of patients. All of the 12 patients having infections caused by in vitro meropenem-susceptible pathogens attained the desired PD target and were cured. Three patients had infections caused by in vitro meropenem-resistant pathogens. Two of these achieved a Css/MIC target of 1 and were cured; the other one achieved a suboptimal PD target (0.59) and died. The 14 day all-cause mortality (10.7%) was significantly associated, at multivariate regression, with HSCT (OR 0.086, 95% CI 0.008-0.936, P = 0.044) and with augmented renal clearance (OR 10.846, 95% CI 1.534-76.672, P = 0.017). None of the patients who had hospital readmissions in the 3month follow-up (63/75) had CRE colonization in rectal swabs. Conclusions: Real-Time TDM-guided CI meropenem may be a useful approach for attaining adequate exposure and preventing CRE emergence in FN oncohaematological patients