ミャンマー国におけるマメ類遺伝資源の共同調査収集

A collaborative exploration between Japan and Myanmar for collecting legume germplasm was conducted in the Shan state and the Mandalay division of Myanmar from February 23 to March 16, 2002. Many kinds of legumes are cultivated in Myanmar. Especially, the Sagaing division and the east region of the Shan state are the main production areas for Vigna species, soybean and chickpea and these regions are rich in food legume germplasms. In this exploration, we collected 215 food legurres, including Arachis hypogaea, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Lablab purpurea, Lens esculenta, Pachyrhizus erosu, Phaseolus lunata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Visia faba, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Vigna unguiculata and Vigna umbellata. Some varieties of major legwres such as Vigna species, soybean and chickpea were replaced by improved varieties. Landraces of legumes in Myanmar will be reploced by improved or introduced varieties soon. We could not collect any wild legumes because our exploration was conducted in dry season

The efficacy of tourniquets as a first-aid measure for Russell's viper bites in Burma.

The efficacy of the tourniquets commonly used by Russell's viper bite victims in retarding venom movement from the bite was studied in 37 cases by measuring venom antigen levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in venous samples taken proximal and distal to the tourniquets and also before and after release of tourniquets. In most cases, the tourniquet did not prevent proximal spread of venom. In 8/37 cases, however, venom antigen assays suggested but did not prove that venom absorption was being delayed by the tourniquet

Efficacy of tourniquets as a first aid measure for Russell's viper bites in Burma

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Contribution of focal haemorrhage and microvascular fibrin deposition to fatal envenoming by Russell's viper (Vipera russelli siamensis) in Burma.

In Burma, clinicopathological studies were carried out in three young farmers who died 15, 52 and 36 h after being bitten by Russell's vipers. Clinical features included local swelling, spontaneous systemic bleeding, defibrination, shock, cardiac arrhythmia, hypoglycaemia, coma and oliguria. On admission to hospital, 15, 48 and 21 h after the bites, serum venom antigen concentrations ranged from 50 to 130 ng/ml. Autopsies revealed widespread congestion and bleeding in the lungs, gastrointestinal and renal tracts, adrenals, heart, brain and anterior pituitary. There was histopathological evidence of focal haemorrhage and fibrin deposition at the site of the bite and in the pituitary, lungs and kidneys and acute tubular necrosis. Deposition of fibrin microthrombi results from the action of venom procoagulants. Shock was attributed to increased capillary permeability, revealed clinically by conjunctival oedema. Acute pituitary/adrenal failure in one case was explained by fibrin deposition and haemorrhage in the anterior pituitary--resembling Sheehan's syndrome. Acute tubular necrosis resulted from ischaemia caused by fibrin deposition and to prerenal factors. An intractable cardiac tachyarrhythmia may have been caused by subendocardial and myocardial haemorrhages

Development of renal function abnormalities following bites by Russell's vipers (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar.

Renal function was monitored in 24 patients with systemic envenoming following proven Russell's viper bite. In all patients, blood clotted within 20 min on admission. In 15 cases severe defibrination (systemic envenoming) developed during the next 3-5 d. None of the patients received antivenom before admission but enzyme-refined monospecific antivenom was given to those who developed signs of systemic envenoming. Specific antigen was detected by enzyme immuno-assay in all 21 subjects tested. Nine patients whose renal function remained normal did not develop systemic envenoming, and recovered without any treatment even though venom antigen was detectable in their serum. Ten patients developed mild renal dysfunction and systemic envenoming, but recovered after treatment with antivenom alone. The remaining 5 patients, all of whom were oliguric from admission, developed acute renal failure despite treatment with antivenom, but some recovered after peritoneal dialysis. Serum venom antigen levels were high in the last 2 groups, but there was some overlap. Albuminuria, found only in patients who became systemically envenomed, was associated with high fractional sodium excretion in those who developed acute oliguric renal failure. Albuminuria may appear before a gross clotting defect is detectable. It is an indication for antivenom and spot measurements might prove a useful early predictor of outcome

Community-centred eco-bio-social approach to control dengue vectors: an intervention study from Myanmar

Objectives: To build up and analyse the feasibility, process, and effectiveness of a partnership-driven ecosystem management intervention in reducing dengue vector breeding and constructing sustainable partnerships among multiple stakeholders. Methods: A community-based intervention study was conducted from May 2009 to January 2010 in Yangon city. Six high-risk and six low-risk clusters were randomized and allocated as intervention and routine service areas, respectively. For each cluster, 100 households were covered. Bi-monthly entomological evaluations (i.e. larval and pupal surveys) and household acceptability surveys at the end of 6-month intervention period were conducted, supplemented by qualitative evaluations. Intervention description: The strategies included eco-friendly multi-stakeholder partner groups (Thingaha) and ward-based volunteers, informed decision-making of householders, followed by integrated vector management approach. Findings: Pupae per person index (PPI) decreased at the last evaluation by 5·7% (0·35‐0·33) in high-risk clusters. But in low-risk clusters, PPI remarkably decreased by 63·6% (0·33‐0·12). In routine service area, PPI also decreased due to availability of Temephos after Cyclone Nargis. As for total number of pupae in all containers, when compared to evaluation 1, there was a reduction of 18·6% in evaluation 2 and 44·1% in evaluation 3 in intervention area. However, in routine service area, more reduction was observed. All intervention tools were found as acceptable, being feasible to implement by multi-stakeholder partner groups. Conclusions: The efficacy of community-controlled partnership-driven interventions was found to be superior to the vertical approach in terms of sustainability and community empowerment

Renal ischaemia, transient glomerular leak and acute renal tubular damage in patients envenomed by Russell's vipers (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar.

Fifty-two patients who had been bitten by Russell's vipers in Myanmar developed acute renal failure (serum creatinine exceeding 1.3 mg/dL). Thirty-four of them (65%) became oliguric, but the other 18 (35%) maintained a urine output of more than 400 mL/24 h. In oliguric patients, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, renal angle tenderness and conjunctival oedema occurred more commonly, and peak serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and the fractional excretion of sodium were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in non-oliguric patients, indicating a greater degree of renal damage. Urinary concentrations of beta 2 microglobulin and retinol binding protein were raised in most of the patients indicating failure of proximal tubular reabsorption of these proteins, while high urinary N-acetyl glucosaminidase concentrations were consistent with renal tubular damage. Plasma concentrations of active renin were very high, suggesting that renal ischaemia, associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system, was involved in the development of renal dysfunction