Metodología de Evaluación y Optimización de Sistemas Renovables Híbridos para Electrificación de Zonas Aisladas de la Red

The objective of this thesis is the definition and development of a comprehensive methodology of energy planning for areas isolated from the mains, considering not only the energy context of the country and its development towards a sustainable scenario, but also studying the potential of renewable generation in the remote area under study, the ability for demand management and the socio-economic aspects involved in the final decision on what renewable energy solution would be the most appropriate in accordance with the characteristics of the location. The research work is organized into three major phases. The first one defines the algorithm of analysis of the context energy of the country and its evolution towards a future energy scenario based on renewable energies. A second phase which analyzes the best configurations of hybrid renewable systems capable of responding to energy needs in the area, sorting them based on their net present value. And a third one introducing the method of multi-criteria analysis which allows to select, from among all possible configurations identified in the previous stage, the most appropriate to the needs and characteristics of the area to study, taking into account not only economic or technical aspects, but also sociological, political, and environmental criteria. Finally, the developed methodology is applied to a case concrete as example of its potential. An isolated community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been selected since 90% of the population living in areas isolated from the mains, and being one of the African countries with the greatest potential for renewable energy generation.El objetivo de esta tesis es la definición y desarrollo de una metodología integral de planificación energética para zonas aisladas de la red eléctrica que considere no solo el contexto energético del país y su desarrollo hacia un escenario sostenible, sino también el estudio del potencial de generación renovable en la zona remota a estudiar, la capacidad de gestión de la demanda y los aspectos socio-económicos que intervienen en la decisión final sobre qué solución energética renovable sería la más apropiada de acuerdo con las características de la ubicación. El trabajo de investigación se organiza en tres grandes etapas. La primera donde se define el algoritmo de análisis del contexto energético del país y su evolución hacia un escenario energético futuro basado en energías renovables. Una segunda fase donde se analizan las mejores configuraciones de sistemas renovables híbridos capaces de responder a las necesidades energéticas de la zona, clasificándolas en base a su valor neto actual. Y una tercera donde se describe el método de análisis multi-criterio que permite seleccionar, de entre todas las posibles configuraciones identificadas en la etapa anterior, la más adecuada para las necesidades y características de la zona a estudiar, teniendo en cuenta no solo aspectos económicos o técnicos, sino también criterios sociológicos, políticos y medioambientales. Finalmente, se aplica la metodología a un caso concreto en la República Democrática del Congo como ejemplo de su aplicación. Para el análisis del caso de estudio, se ha seleccionado una comunidad aislada en la República Democrática del Congo ya que el 90% de la población vive en zonas aisladas de la red eléctrica, y es uno de los países de África con mayor potencial de generación con energías renovables.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és la definició i desenvolupament d'una metodologia integral de planificació energètica per a zones aïllades de la xarxa elèctrica que considere no solament el context energètic del país i el seu desenvolupament cap a un escenari sostenible, sinó també l'estudi del potencial de generació renovable en la zona remota a estudiar, la capacitat de gestió de la demanda i els aspectes soci-econòmics que intervenen en la decisió final sobre quina solució energètica renovable seria la més apropiada d'acord amb les característiques de la ubicació. El treball de recerca s'organitza en tres grans etapes. La primera on es defineix l'algorisme d'anàlisi del context energètic del país i la seua evolució cap a un escenari energètic futur basat en energies renovables. Una segona fase on s'analitzen les millors configuracions de sistemes renovables híbrids capaços de respondre a les necessitats energètiques de la zona, classificant-les sobre la base del seu valor net actual. I una tercera on es descriu el mètode d'anàlisi multi-criteri que permet seleccionar, d'entre totes les possibles configuracions identificades en l'etapa anterior, la més adequada per a les necessitats i característiques de la zona a estudiar, tenint en compte no sol aspectes econòmics o tècnics, sinó també criteris sociològics, polítics i mediambientals. Finalment, s'aplica la metodologia a un cas concret en la República Democràtica del Congo com a exemple de la seua aplicació. Per a l'anàlisi del cas d'estudi, s'ha seleccionat una comunitat aïllada en la República Democràtica del Congo ja que el 90% de la població viu en zones aïllades de la xarxa elèctrica, i és un dels països d'Àfrica amb major potencial de generació amb energies renovable.Peñalvo López, E. (2017). Metodología de Evaluación y Optimización de Sistemas Renovables Híbridos para Electrificación de Zonas Aisladas de la Red [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82308TESI

The Spanish Turn against Renewable Energy Development

In this study, we focus on the case of Spanish energy policy and its implications for sustainable energy development. In recent years, Spanish legislation has changed dramatically in its approach to sustainable energy sources. This change is despite EU and international efforts to increase energy efficiency, and to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources (RES) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the socio-technical transitions literature, this paper assesses the role of the new legislation in this altered scenario, and analyzes the evolution of energy production in Spain in the EU context. The results are triangulated with two expert assessments. We find that Spanish energy policy is responding to the energy lobby's demands for protection for both their investment and their dominant position. This has resulted in a reduction in the number of investors combined with a lack of trust in both local and foreign investors in the sustainable energy sector, affecting also social innovations in energy transitions. We conclude that Spain is a particular case of concomitance between the energy sector and political power which raises concern about the viability of a higher level of energy sovereignty and the achievement of international commitments regarding climate change

Self-sustaining offices for international aid agencies in remote geographical areas

[ES] Las organizaciones de ayuda humanitaria requieren energía eléctrica confiable para llevar a cabo sus operaciones en áreas remotas donde se suscitan problemas y en la mayoría de esos lugares la energía comercial no está disponible o no es confiable debido a la mala infraestructura, falta de mantenimiento de la red o equipos utilizados para la generación de energía. Para tales áreas (zonas en guerra, desastres naturales, etc.), el precio de cada kilovatio necesario dependerá de varios factores como ubicación, recursos naturales, capacidad de transporte de combustible o los sistemas de generación para producir energía. Bajo ciertas condiciones el costo de un kilovatio podría llegar a ser muy elevado. Este artículo presenta un caso práctico donde toman en cuenta todos estos factores, eficiencia en el consumo, la integración del uso de fuentes de energía alternativa para evitar la dependencia y el transporte de los combustibles fósiles a las áreas donde es difícil el suministro, así como la capacidad para el transporte de estas delegaciones a otras áreas cuando haya terminado la misión humanitaria (reciclaje de todas las instalaciones y equipos). El proyecto fue completado en 12 semanas y había probado más de 15 meses con excelentes resultados en Europa mediterránea. La energía renovable estaba disponible permanentemente (87.7% del tiempo).Este artículo fue completado en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Seguimiento, control y discriminación de cargas eléctricas conectadas a sistemas de generación híbrida renovables en configuración en isla”, dentro del Programa para la promoción de la investigación científica, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en la Comunitat Valenciana. [2017/647] financiado por la Consellería de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana y Referencia: GV/2017/023. Los autores agradecen profundamente a la Universitat Politècnica de Valencia y a todas las organizaciones y personas implicadas por su apoyo y, especialmente, a la Generalitat Valenciana por su apoyo financiero.Cárcel Carrasco, FJ.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Murga, GD. (2018). Oficinas auto-sostenibles para las agencias de ayuda internacional en zonas geográficas remotas. DYNA: Ingeniería e Industria. 93(3):272-277. https://doi.org/10.6036/8507S27227793

Effects of the Selected Point of Voltage Reference on the Apparent Power Measurement in Three-Phase Star Systems

[EN] The phenomenon responsible for the different apparent powers measured in a subsystem of a three-phase star-configured system, based on the voltage reference point, was identified in this paper using specific components of the instantaneous powers, as a result of applying the conservation of energy principle to the entire system. The effects of the phenomenon were determined using a proposed apparent power component referred to as the neutral-displacement power, whose square is the quadratic difference between the apparent powers of a subsystem, measured using two voltage reference points. The neutral-displacement power is a component of the apparent power, which is determined using the values of the zero-sequence voltages and the line currents in that subsystem. Expressions of the proposed power were derived using the Buchholz apparent power formulations. The validation of the derived expressions was checked in the laboratory and in a real-world electrical network, using a well-known commercial analyzer and a prototype developed by the authors.This research was funded by Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, under grant Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-06-18), Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Valencia.León-Martínez, V.; Montañana-Romeu, J.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Álvarez, C. (2020). Effects of the Selected Point of Voltage Reference on the Apparent Power Measurement in Three-Phase Star Systems. Applied Sciences. 10(3):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031036S122103Emanuel, A. E., & Orr, J. A. (s. f.). The effect of neutral path impedance on voltage and current distortion. Part I. symmetrical and balanced three-phase systems. 2004 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (IEEE Cat. No.04EX951). doi:10.1109/ichqp.2004.1409351Emanuel, A. E., & Orr, J. A. (s. f.). The effect of neutral path impedance on voltage and current distortion. Part II. Imbalanced three-phase systems. 2004 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (IEEE Cat. No.04EX951). doi:10.1109/ichqp.2004.1409350Boyajian, A., & McCarty, O. P. (1931). Physical Nature of Neutral Instability. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 50(1), 317-327. doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1931.5055789Gates, B. G. (1936). Neutral inversion in power systems. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 78(471), 317-325. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1936.0051Clarke, E., Crary, S. B., & Peterson, H. A. (1939). Overvoltages During Power-System Faults. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 58(8), 377-385. doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1939.5057977Concordia, C., & Peterson, H. A. (1941). Arcing faults in power systems. Electrical Engineering, 60(6), 340-346. doi:10.1109/ee.1941.6432165Mortlock, J. R., & Dobson, C. M. (1947). Neutral earthing of three-phase systems, with particular reference to large power stations. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering, 94(42), 549-568. doi:10.1049/ji-2.1947.0152Rocha, A. C. O., Souza, W. M., & Mendes, J. C. (s. f.). Practical experiences in the analysis of abnormal voltages due to neutral instability. 2004 IEEE/PES Transmision and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America (IEEE Cat. No. 04EX956). doi:10.1109/tdc.2004.1432511Raunig, C., Schmautzer, E., Fickert, L., Achleitner, G., & Obkircher, C. (2009). Displacement voltages in resonant grounded grids caused by capacitive coupling. IET Conference Publications. doi:10.1049/cp.2009.0692Konotop, I., Novitskiy, A., & Westermann, D. (2014). Constraints on the use of local compensation for the correction of neutral voltage displacement caused by the influence of nearby power lines. 2014 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ). doi:10.1109/pq.2014.6866832Kai, L., Guojie, X., Xiaojing, G., Kun, Y., Duohong, C., Ran, L., … Xiangjun, Z. (2018). Method for Suppressing Neutral Point Displacement Overvoltage and Suppression Circuit in Distribution Network. 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). doi:10.1109/ciced.2018.8592153Harner, R., & Owen, R. (1971). Neutral Displacement of Ungrounded Capacitor Banks During Switching. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-90(4), 1631-1638. doi:10.1109/tpas.1971.293151Jinglu, L., Xin, W., & Chunyan, S. (2006). Discussion on Abnormal Rise of Displacement Voltage of Neutral Point in Compensation Electric Network and its Control Measures. 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology. doi:10.1109/icpst.2006.321700Emanuel, A. E. (2010). Power Definitions and the Physical Mechanism of Power Flow. doi:10.1002/9780470667149Czarnecki, L. S. (1988). Orthogonal decomposition of the currents in a 3-phase nonlinear asymmetrical circuit with a nonsinusoidal voltage source. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 37(1), 30-34. doi:10.1109/19.2658Hyosung Kim, Blaabjerg, F., & Bak-Jensen, B. (2002). Spectral analysis of instantaneous powers in single-phase and three-phase systems with use of p-q-r theory. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 17(5), 711-720. doi:10.1109/tpel.2002.802188Willems, J. L., Ghijselen, J. A., & Emanuel, A. E. (2005). The Apparent Power Concept and the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20(2), 876-884. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2005.844267Fortescue, C. L. (1918). Method of Symmetrical Co-Ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, XXXVII(2), 1027-1140. doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1918.4765570Chroma Programmable AC Power Source 61700 https://www.chromausa.com/product/3-phase-programmable-ac-source-61700/Processor Board PCM-9581 http://advdownload.advantech.com/productfile/Downloadfile4/1-124ET90/PCM-9581_user_manual_Ed2.pdfData Acquisition Board PCI-6220 https://www.ni.com/documentation/en/multifunction-io-device/latest/pci-6220/overview/Voltage Transducer LV 25-P https://www.lem.com/en/lv-25pAC Current Clamp i5sPQ3 https://www.fluke.com/es-es/producto/accesorios/pinzas-de-corriente/fluke-i5spq3Resistances DL1017R https://www.delorenzoglobal.com/image/power-engineering-modules.pd

Las píldoras de aprendizaje como metodología para afianzar conceptos en alumnos de Máster de Arquitectura y edificación

[ES] Definiendo los Estilos de Aprendizaje como las estrategias por las cuales se procesa la información en su proceso de aprendizaje, dichos estilos varían con la formación, edad, las materias, el nivel de éxito, la cultura y el género, que pueden ser modificados. Por ello, los docentes deben mostrar interés por descubrir el estilo del alumnado tipo al que va dedicada la enseñanza y adaptarlo a las características de cada situación. Teniendo en cuenta dichas características, en este artículo, se muestran las experiencias realizadas mediante los conceptos de píldoras de aprendizaje (o conceptos básicos), como forma de posicionar conocimientos para estructurar una asignatura de máster oficial en Arquitectura y Edificación, en las primeras horas docentes de comienzo de dichas asignaturas y la visión y percepción de los estudiantes.Cárcel Carrasco, FJ.; Peñalvo López, E. (2019). Las píldoras de aprendizaje como metodología para afianzar conceptos en alumnos de Máster de Arquitectura y edificación. En INNODOCT/18. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 733-744. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2018.2018.8843OCS73374

The use of ICT for training in smart metering technologies for construction site managers.

[EN] The use of ICT for education and specifically for use in mass courses (MOOC), is constantly growing. This article presents the basic characteristics of an European training project (COSMET) for training in smart metering technologies for construction site managers in the building, where one of its key parts is the generation of MOOC courses for site managers and VET, which will be used throughout Europe.[ES] El uso de las TIC para formación y en concreto para su uso en cursos masivos (MOOC), está en constante crecimiento. En este artículo, se presenta las características básicas de un proyecto de formación europeo (COSMET) para la capacitación en tecnologías para la medición inteligente de instalaciones en la edificación, donde una de sus partes fundamentales es la generación de cursos MOOC para jefes de obra y organismos de formación para profesionales, que será utilizado en toda Europa.Cárcel Carrasco, FJ.; Peñalvo López, E. (2016). El uso de las TIC en la formación en sistemas de medición inteligente en las instalaciones de construcción. ceur. 5(2):42-57. doi:10.17993/3ctic.2016.52.42-57S42575

Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids

[EN] Microgrids have emerged as a solution to address new challenges in power systems with the integration of distributed energy resources (DER). Inverter-based microgrids (IBMG) need to implement proper control systems to avoid stability and reliability issues. Thus, several researchers have introduced multi-objective control strategies for distributed generation on IBMG. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by several authors of multi-objective control. This work describes the main features of the inverter as a key component of microgrids. Details related to accomplishing efficient generation from a control systems' view have been observed. This study addresses the potential of multi-objective control to overcome conflicting objectives with balanced results. Finally, this paper shows future trends in control objectives and discussion of the different multi-objective approaches.Gonzales-Zurita, Ó.; Clairand, J.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids. Energies. 13(13):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133483S1291313Ross, M., Abbey, C., Bouffard, F., & Joos, G. (2015). Multiobjective Optimization Dispatch for Microgrids With a High Penetration of Renewable Generation. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 6(4), 1306-1314. doi:10.1109/tste.2015.2428676Murty, V. V. S. N., & Kumar, A. (2020). Multi-objective energy management in microgrids with hybrid energy sources and battery energy storage systems. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s41601-019-0147-zKatircioğlu, S., Abasiz, T., Sezer, S., & Katırcıoglu, S. (2019). Volatility of the alternative energy input prices and spillover effects: a VAR [MA]-MGARCH in BEKK approach for the Turkish economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10738-10745. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04531-5Olivares, D. E., Mehrizi-Sani, A., Etemadi, A. H., Canizares, C. A., Iravani, R., Kazerani, M., … Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2014). Trends in Microgrid Control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(4), 1905-1919. doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2295514Akinyele, D., Belikov, J., & Levron, Y. (2018). Challenges of Microgrids in Remote Communities: A STEEP Model Application. Energies, 11(2), 432. doi:10.3390/en11020432Benamar, A., Travaillé, P., Clairand, J.-M., & Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Non-Linear Control of a DC Microgrid for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(2), 593. doi:10.18517/ijaseit.10.2.10815Lakshmi, M., & Hemamalini, S. (2018). Nonisolated High Gain DC–DC Converter for DC Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(2), 1205-1212. doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2733463Yin, C., Wu, H., Locment, F., & Sechilariu, M. (2017). Energy management of DC microgrid based on photovoltaic combined with diesel generator and supercapacitor. Energy Conversion and Management, 132, 14-27. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.018Chen, D., Xu, Y., & Huang, A. Q. (2017). Integration of DC Microgrids as Virtual Synchronous Machines Into the AC Grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 7455-7466. doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2674621Abhinav, S., Schizas, I. D., Ferrese, F., & Davoudi, A. (2017). Optimization-Based AC Microgrid Synchronization. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(5), 2339-2349. doi:10.1109/tii.2017.2702623Liu, Z., Su, M., Sun, Y., Li, L., Han, H., Zhang, X., & Zheng, M. (2019). Optimal criterion and global/sub-optimal control schemes of decentralized economical dispatch for AC microgrid. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 104, 38-42. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.06.045Khatibzadeh, A., Besmi, M., Mahabadi, A., & Reza Haghifam, M. (2017). Multi-Agent-Based Controller for Voltage Enhancement in AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Using Energy Storages. Energies, 10(2), 169. doi:10.3390/en10020169Asghar, F., Talha, M., & Kim, S. (2017). Robust Frequency and Voltage Stability Control Strategy for Standalone AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid. Energies, 10(6), 760. doi:10.3390/en10060760Lotfi, H., & Khodaei, A. (2017). Hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning. Energy, 118, 37-46. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.015Kerdphol, T., Rahman, F., & Mitani, Y. (2018). Virtual Inertia Control Application to Enhance Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration. Energies, 11(4), 981. doi:10.3390/en11040981Rodrigues, Y. R., Zambroni de Souza, A. C., & Ribeiro, P. F. (2018). An inclusive methodology for Plug-in electrical vehicle operation with G2V and V2G in smart microgrid environments. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 102, 312-323. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.04.037Ghosh, S., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020). Three-Loop-Based Universal Control Architecture for Decentralized Operation of Multiple Inverters in an Autonomous Grid-Interactive Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(2), 1966-1979. doi:10.1109/tia.2020.2964746Mohapatra, S. R., & Agarwal, V. (2020). Model Predictive Control for Flexible Reduction of Active Power Oscillation in Grid-Tied Multilevel Inverters Under Unbalanced and Distorted Microgrid Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(2), 1107-1115. doi:10.1109/tia.2019.2957480Ziouani, I., Boukhetala, D., Darcherif, A.-M., Amghar, B., & El Abbassi, I. (2018). Hierarchical control for flexible microgrid based on three-phase voltage source inverters operated in parallel. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 95, 188-201. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.08.027Golshannavaz, S., & Mortezapour, V. (2018). A generalized droop control approach for islanded DC microgrids hosting parallel-connected DERs. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 237-245. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.038Safa, A., Madjid Berkouk, E. L., Messlem, Y., & Gouichiche, A. (2018). A robust control algorithm for a multifunctional grid tied inverter to enhance the power quality of a microgrid under unbalanced conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 100, 253-264. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.042Andishgar, M. H., Gholipour, E., & Hooshmand, R. (2017). An overview of control approaches of inverter-based microgrids in islanding mode of operation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1043-1060. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.267Li, Z., Zang, C., Zeng, P., Yu, H., Li, S., & Bian, J. (2017). Control of a Grid-Forming Inverter Based on Sliding-Mode and Mixed ${H_2}/{H_\infty }$ Control. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(5), 3862-3872. doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2636798Hossain, M. A., Pota, H. R., Squartini, S., & Abdou, A. F. (2019). Modified PSO algorithm for real-time energy management in grid-connected microgrids. Renewable Energy, 136, 746-757. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.005Shokoohi, S., Golshannavaz, S., Khezri, R., & Bevrani, H. (2018). Intelligent secondary control in smart microgrids: an on-line approach for islanded operations. Optimization and Engineering, 19(4), 917-936. doi:10.1007/s11081-018-9382-9Safari, A., Babaei, F., & Farrokhifar, M. (2019). A load frequency control using a PSO-based ANN for micro-grids in the presence of electric vehicles. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 42(6), 688-700. doi:10.1080/01430750.2018.1563811Miveh, M. R., Rahmat, M. F., Ghadimi, A. A., & Mustafa, M. W. (2016). Control techniques for three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters in autonomous microgrids: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1592-1610. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.079Rokrok, E., Shafie-khah, M., & Catalão, J. P. S. (2018). Review of primary voltage and frequency control methods for inverter-based islanded microgrids with distributed generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3225-3235. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.022Bouzid, A. M., Guerrero, J. M., Cheriti, A., Bouhamida, M., Sicard, P., & Benghanem, M. (2015). A survey on control of electric power distributed generation systems for microgrid applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 751-766. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.016Vásquez, V., Ortega, L. M., Romero, D., Ortega, R., Carranza, O., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2017). Comparison of methods for controllers design of single phase inverter operating in island mode in a microgrid: Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 256-267. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.060Shen, X., Wang, H., Li, J., Su, Q., & Gao, L. (2019). Distributed Secondary Voltage Control of Islanded Microgrids Based on RBF-Neural-Network Sliding-Mode Technique. IEEE Access, 7, 65616-65623. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2915509Arbab-Zavar, B., Palacios-Garcia, E., Vasquez, J., & Guerrero, J. (2019). Smart Inverters for Microgrid Applications: A Review. Energies, 12(5), 840. doi:10.3390/en12050840Bullich-Massagué, E., Díaz-González, F., Aragüés-Peñalba, M., Girbau-Llistuella, F., Olivella-Rosell, P., & Sumper, A. (2018). Microgrid clustering architectures. Applied Energy, 212, 340-361. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.048Kerdphol, T., Rahman, F., Mitani, Y., Hongesombut, K., & Küfeoğlu, S. (2017). Virtual Inertia Control-Based Model Predictive Control for Microgrid Frequency Stabilization Considering High Renewable Energy Integration. 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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 6(3), 482-494. doi:10.1007/s40565-017-0347-3Toub, M., Bijaieh, M. M., Weaver, W. W., III, R. D. R., Maaroufi, M., & Aniba, G. (2019). Droop Control in DQ Coordinates for Fixed Frequency Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Electronics, 8(10), 1168. doi:10.3390/electronics8101168Shuai, Z., Fang, J., Ning, F., & Shen, Z. J. (2018). Hierarchical structure and bus voltage control of DC microgrid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3670-3682. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.096Agundis-Tinajero, G., Segundo-Ramírez, J., Visairo-Cruz, N., Savaghebi, M., Guerrero, J. M., & Barocio, E. (2019). Power flow modeling of islanded AC microgrids with hierarchical control. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 105, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.08.002Ali, A., Li, W., Hussain, R., He, X., Williams, B., & Memon, A. (2017). Overview of Current Microgrid Policies, Incentives and Barriers in the European Union, United States and China. Sustainability, 9(7), 1146. doi:10.3390/su9071146Cui, Y., Geng, Z., Zhu, Q., & Han, Y. (2017). Review: Multi-objective optimization methods and application in energy saving. Energy, 125, 681-704. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.174Yazdi, F., & Hosseinian, S. H. (2019). A novel «Smart Branch» for power quality improvement in microgrids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 110, 161-170. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.02.026Bassey, O., Butler-Purry, K. L., & Chen, B. (2020). Dynamic Modeling of Sequential Service Restoration in Islanded Single Master Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 35(1), 202-214. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2929268Chang, E.-C. (2018). Study and Application of Intelligent Sliding Mode Control for Voltage Source Inverters. Energies, 11(10), 2544. doi:10.3390/en11102544Das, D., Gurrala, G., & Shenoy, U. J. (2018). Linear Quadratic Regulator-Based Bumpless Transfer in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(1), 416-425. doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2580159Nguyen, H. K., Khodaei, A., & Han, Z. (2018). Incentive Mechanism Design for Integrated Microgrids in Peak Ramp Minimization Problem. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 9(6), 5774-5785. doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2696903Xiao, Z., Guerrero, J. M., Shuang, J., Sera, D., Schaltz, E., & Vásquez, J. C. (2018). Flat tie-line power scheduling control of grid-connected hybrid microgrids. Applied Energy, 210, 786-799. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.066Baghaee, H. R., Mirsalim, M., Gharehpetian, G. B., & Talebi, H. A. (2018). A Decentralized Robust Mixed $H_{{2}}/ H_{{{\infty }}}$ Voltage Control Scheme to Improve Small/Large-Signal Stability and FRT Capability of Islanded Multi-DER Microgrid Considering Load Disturbances. IEEE Systems Journal, 12(3), 2610-2621. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2017.2716351Panda, S. K., & Ghosh, A. (2020). 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Maximizing the Profit for Industrial Customers of Providing Operation Services in Electric Power Systems via a Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

[EN] Integration of renewable energy sources require an increase in the flexibility of power systems. Demand response is a valuable flexible resource that is not currently being fully exploited. Small and medium industrial consumers can deliver a wide range of underused flexibility resources associated with the electricity consumption in their production processes. Flexible resources should compete in liberalized operation markets to ensure the reliability of the system at a minimum cost. This paper presents a new tool to assist industrial demand response to participate in operation markets and optimize its value. The tool uses a combined physical-mathematical modelling of the industrial demand response and a Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm specifically tuned for the proposed problem to maximize the profit. The main advantages of the proposed tool are demonstrated in the paper through its application to the participation of a meat factory in the Spanish tertiary reserve market during a whole year using a quarter-hourly time resolution. The enhanced performance of the proposed tool with respect to previous methodologies is shown with these four flexible processes examples, where the maximum available profit obtained in the simultaneous consideration of all different flexible processes is computed. The flexible processes are technical and economically characterized in a way that makes the tool valid for most of the processes in the industry.This work was supported in part by the Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion under Grant PAID-06-18, in part by the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) Valencia-Spain, Generalitat Valenciana through the Research Project under Grant AICO/2019/001, in part by the Spanish Administration under Grant FPU2016/00962, in part by the AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Spanish Government) through the Research Projects under Grant ENE-2016-78509-C3-1-P and Grant RED2018-102618-T, and in part by the EU FEDER Funds.Rodríguez-García, J.; Ribó-Pérez, DG.; Álvarez, C.; Peñalvo-López, E. (2020). Maximizing the Profit for Industrial Customers of Providing Operation Services in Electric Power Systems via a Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. IEEE Access. 8:24721-24733. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2970478S2472124733

An Overview about the Current Situation on C&D Waste Management in Italy: Achievements and Challenges

[EN] The disposal volume of material for Construction and Demolition in Europe is increasing each year, that the European Union has decided to take control of the matter unifying practices and goals to achieve. This article analyses how waste management works in Italy adjusting its system to the European Union, regarding Construction and Demolition, taking into consideration the disposal of material coming from C&D (Construction and Demolition) production. In Italy, the disposition may differ according to the regions in which it is divided, and this must be taken into consideration when analysing information that reflects the different logistical aspect linked to the territory. It is also necessary to consider how the volume of waste can vary according to the size of the region considered and the type of industrial development to which it belongs. The analysis of the Italian situation shows their achievements regarding reaching a good level of recycling waste volume; indeed, their amount of C&D recycled waste after 2010 was always up to the 70% value established by the European Union, though barriers are still present in the field of waste management. Through data collecting, it has been seen the different volume that is generated in construction-related activities in the country, along with the recovered waste volume. Thus, the goal of this paper is to deepen the general knowledge on waste produced by Construction and Demolition in Italy and waste management practices adopted according to the European Union.This work was carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València in the framework of CONDEREFF project (Ref. PGI05560-CONDEREFF).Cárcel-Carrasco, J.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Pascual Guillamón, M.; Salas Vicente, F. (2021). An Overview about the Current Situation on C&D Waste Management in Italy: Achievements and Challenges. Buildings. 11(7):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070284S11211

Methodology and Necessary Equipment to Mitigate Capacity Limitations Caused by COVID-19 in Teaching Laboratories

[EN] The reduction of the space available for students in the classrooms of teaching laboratories, due to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, requires the provision of the laboratories with additional equipment, as well as the application of procedures or protocols that guarantee that all students receive practical education with levels of quality similar to those existing in face-to-face classes, prior to the arrival of the coronavirus. This paper describes the methodology and resources used to teach practical classes in one of the Electrical Engineering teaching laboratories, at the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The use of web cameras, complemented with the use of the Microsoft Teams platform, has allowed all students actively attend laboratory classes in real time, within the established schedule, some in person and others in online modePeñalvo-López, E.; León-Martínez, V.; Montañana-Romeu, J.; Cárcel-Carrasco, J. (2021). Methodology and Necessary Equipment to Mitigate Capacity Limitations Caused by COVID-19 in Teaching Laboratories. IATED. 6671-6676. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1330S6671667