54 research outputs found
Detekcja bezołowiowych nanokryształów fluorkowych rozproszonych w materiałach zol-żelowych przy użyciu dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej oraz metod mikroskopowych i spektroskopowych
Nowadays, the development of researches concentrated on synthesis and characterization of oxyfluoride glass-ceramics doped with rare earth ions is a forefront direction in current materials engineering. The glass-ceramics are the class of innovative optical materials, which contain the fluoride nanocrystals dispersed in oxide amorphous matrices. Such materials combine good mechanical strength and chemical durability of oxide hosts with high luminescence efficiency of rare earth ions incorporated into low-phonon fluoride crystals. Generally, the oxyfluoride glass-ceramic materials are commonly fabricated via controlled heat-treatment of glasses derived by conventional melt-quenching method. Alternatively, such materials can be successfully prepared via sol-gel technique, which is based on polycondensation reaction in liquids phase. Due to the fact that the heat-treatment of xerogels could be conducted at significantly lower temperatures compared with melting of glass-forming components, the sol-gel method seems to be a particularly attractive technique to fabricate the oxyfluoride glass-ceramic materials dedicated for optoelectronic applications.
In this doctoral dissertation, the Eu3+-doped glass-ceramic materials containing MF2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) or MF3 (M = Y, La, Gd) nanocrystals were synthesized via sol-gel method and characterized. The studied materials were fabricated by controlled heat-treatment of silicate xerogels and the structural changes within sol-gel hosts were verified using IR-ATR spectroscopy. The individual fluoride crystal phases were identified by XRD measurements and the received results were confirmed by high resolution mode in transmission electron microscope HR-TEM. The structural changes during controlled heat-treatment of precursor xerogels were also evaluated based on unique spectroscopic behavior of optically active Eu3+ ions, which results from the nature of their intra-configurational 4f6-4f6 transitions. Due to the significant decrease of R/O-ratio values after conducted heat-treatment process as well as observable splitting of emission bands, 3+
the partial incorporation of Eu3+ ions into precipitated MF2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) and MF3 (M = Y, La, Gd) fluoride nanocrystals was confirmed. Moreover, the change in character of registered decay curves of the 5D0 excited state from mono-exponential (xerogels) to bi-exponential (glass-ceramics) clearly evidenced the distribution of Eu3+ ions between sol-gel hosts and fluoride nanocrystals. In summary, the above techniques allow for the full characterization of the glass-ceramic materials, with particular emphasis on the crystallization of fluoride phases in nanometric range
Energy transfer study on Tb3+/Eu3+ Co-activated sol-gel glass-ceramic materials containing MF3 (M = Y, La) nanocrystals for NUV optoelectronic devices
In the present work, the Tb3+/Eu3+ co-activated sol-gel glass-ceramic materials (GCs)
containing MF3 (M = Y, La) nanocrystals were fabricated during controlled heat-treatment of silicate
xerogels at 350 C. The studies of Tb3+ ! Eu3+ energy transfer process (ET) were performed by
excitation and emission spectra along with luminescence decay analysis. The co-activated xerogels
and GCs exhibit multicolor emission originated from 4fn–4fn optical transitions of Tb3+ (5D4 !7FJ,
J = 6–3) as well as Eu3+ ions (5D0 ! 7FJ, J = 0–4). Based on recorded decay curves, it was found
that there is a significant prolongation in luminescence lifetimes of the 5D4 (Tb3+) and the 5D0 (Eu3+)
levels after the controlled heat-treatment of xerogels. Moreover, for both types of prepared GCs,
an increase in ET e ciency was also observed (from ET 16% for xerogels up to ET = 37.3% for
SiO2-YF3 GCs and ET = 60.8% for SiO2-LaF3 GCs). The changes in photoluminescence behavior
of rare-earth (RE3+) dopants clearly evidenced their partial segregation inside low-phonon energy
fluoride environment. The obtained results suggest that prepared SiO2-MF3:Tb3+, Eu3+ GC materials
could be considered for use as optical elements in RGB-lighting optoelectronic devices operating
under near-ultraviolet (NUV) excitation
Reddish-Orange Luminescence from BaF2:Eu3+ Fluoride Nanocrystals Dispersed in Sol-Gel Materials
Nanocrystalline transparent BaF2:Eu3+ glass-ceramic materials emitting reddish-orange
light were fabricated using a low-temperature sol-gel method. Several experimental techniques were
used to verify structural transformation from precursor xerogels to sol-gel glass-ceramic materials
containing fluoride nanocrystals. Thermal degradation of xerogels was analyzed by thermogravimetric
analysis (TG) and di erential scanning calorimetry method (DSC). The presence of BaF2 nanocrystals
dispersed in sol-gel materials was confirmed by the X-ray di raction (XRD) analysis and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). In order to detect structural changes in silica network during annealing
process, the infrared spectroscopy (IR-ATR) was carried out. In particular, luminescence spectra
of Eu3+ and their decays were examined in detail. Some spectroscopic parameters of Eu3+ ions in
glass-ceramics containing BaF2 nanocrystals were determined and compared to the values obtained
for precursor xerogels. It was observed, that the intensities of two main red and orange emission bands
corresponding to the 5D0!7F2 electric-dipole transition (ED) and the 5D0!7F1 magnetic-dipole (MD)
transition are changed significantly during transformation from xerogels to nanocrystalline BaF2:Eu3+
glass-ceramic materials. The luminescence decay analysis clearly indicates that the measured lifetime
5D0 (Eu3+) considerably enhanced in nanocrystalline BaF2:Eu3+ glass-ceramic materials compared
to precursor xerogels. The evident changes in luminescence spectra and their decays suggest the
successful migration of Eu3+ ions from amorphous silica network to low-phonon BaF2 nanocrystals
Sol-Gel Glass-Ceramic Materials Containing CaF2:Eu3+ Fluoride Nanocrystals for Reddish-Orange Photoluminescence Applications
CaF2:Eu3+ glass-ceramic sol-gel materials have been examined for reddish-orange
photoluminescence applications. The transformation from precursor xerogels to glass-ceramic materials
with dispersed fluoride nanocrystals was verified using several experimental methods: di erential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray di raction (XRD), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR-ATR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS) and photoluminescence measurements. Based on luminescence spectra and their decays,
the optical behavior of Eu3+ ions in fabricated glass-ceramics were characterized and compared to
those of precursor xerogels. In particular, the determined luminescence lifetime of the 5D0 excited
state of Eu3+ ions in nanocrystalline CaF2:Eu3+ glass-ceramic materials is significantly prolonged
in comparison with prepared xerogels. The integrated intensities of emission bands associated
to the 5D0 ! 7F2 electric-dipole transition (ED) and the 5D0 !7F1 magnetic-dipole transition
(MD) are changed drastically during controlled ceramization process of xerogels. This implies the
e cient migration of Eu3+ ions from amorphous silicate sol-gel network into low-phonon energy
CaF2 nanocrystals
Studies of sol-gel evolution and distribution of Eu3+ ions in glassceramics containing LaF3 nanocrystals depending on initial sols composition
In this work, we performed a systematic analysis of the impact of selected chemical reagents
used in sol-gel synthesis (i.e., N,N-dimethylformamide) and different catalyst agents (i.e.,
CH3COOH, HNO3) on the formation and luminescence of Eu3+-doped SiO2–LaF3 nano-glass–ceramics.
Due to the characteristic nature of intra-configurational electronic transitions of Eu3+ ions within
the 4f6 manifold (5D0 → 7FJ, J = 0–4), they are frequently used as a spectral probe. Thus, the changes
in the photoluminescence profile of Eu3+ ions could identify the general tendency of rare earth materials
to segregate inside low-phonon energy fluoride nanocrystals, which allows us to assess their
application potential in optoelectronics. Fabricated sol-gel materials, from sols to gels and xerogels
to nano-glass–ceramics, were examined using several experimental techniques: X-ray diffraction
(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and luminescence
measurements. It was found that the distribution of Eu3+ ions between the amorphous silicate solgel
host and LaF3 nanocrystals is strictly dependent on the initial composition of the obtained sols,
and the lack of N,N-dimethylformamide significantly promotes the segregation of Eu3+ ions inside
LaF3 nanocrystals. As a result, we detected long-lived luminescence from the 5D0 excited state equal
to 6.21 ms, which predisposes the obtained glass–ceramic material for use as an optical element in
reddish-orange emitting devices
Fabrication of fluoride nanocrystals and their spectroscopic properties
In this work, the fabrication of glass-ceramic materials containing MF3:Eu3+ (M = La, Gd) nanocrystals
dispersed in silica sol-gel hosts has been presented. The transformation from liquid sols towards
bulk samples was also examined based on IR measurements. The crystallization temperatures and
formation of MF3 phases were verified based on TG/DSC analysis and XRD measurements. The optical
properties of prepared Eu3+-doped samples were evaluated based on PLE and PL as well as
luminescence decay analysis of the 5D0 excited state. Obtained samples exhibit a series of the
5D0 → 7FJ (J = 1–4) emission bands, which were recorded within the reddish-orange spectral area
under near-UV illumination (λexc = 393 nm). Recorded luminescence spectra and double-exponential
character of decay curves for prepared glass-ceramic samples indicated the successful migration
of Eu3+ dopant ions from amorphous silica framework to low-phonon energy MF3 nanocrystal
phases
Luminescence of SiO2-BaF2:Tb3+, Eu3+ nano-glass-ceramics made from sol-gel method at low temperature
The synthesis and characterization of multicolor light-emitting nanomaterials based on rare
earths (RE3+) are of great importance due to their possible use in optoelectronic devices, such as LEDs
or displays. In the present work, oxyfluoride glass-ceramics containing BaF2 nanocrystals co-doped
with Tb3+, Eu3+ ions were fabricated from amorphous xerogels at 350 C. The analysis of the thermal
behavior of fabricated xerogels was performed using TG/DSC measurements (thermogravimetry
(TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). The crystallization of BaF2 phase at the nanoscale was
confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
and the changes in silicate sol–gel host were determined by attenuated total reflectance infrared
(ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The luminescent characterization of prepared sol–gel materials was carried
out by excitation and emission spectra along with decay analysis from the 5D4 level of Tb3+. As
a result, the visible light according to the electronic transitions of Tb3+ (5D4 ! 7FJ (J = 6–3)) and
Eu3+ (5D0 ! 7FJ (J = 0–4)) was recorded. It was also observed that co-doping with Eu3+ caused the
shortening in decay times of the 5D4 state from 1.11 ms to 0.88 ms (for xerogels) and from 6.56 ms
to 4.06 ms (for glass-ceramics). Thus, based on lifetime values, the Tb3+/Eu3+ energy transfer (ET)
efficiencies were estimated to be almost 21% for xerogels and 38% for nano-glass-ceramics. Therefore,
such materials could be successfully predisposed for laser technologies, spectral converters, and
three-dimensional displays
Structural and photoluminescence investigations of Tb3+/Eu3+ codoped silicate sol-gel glass-ceramics containing CaF2 nanocrystals
In this work, the series of Tb3+/Eu3+ co-doped xerogels and derivative glass-ceramics
containing CaF2 nanocrystals were prepared and characterized. The in situ formation of fluoride
crystals was verified by an X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). The studies of the Tb3+/Eu3+ energy transfer (ET) process were performed based on excitation
and emission spectra along with luminescence decay analysis. According to emission spectra
recorded under near-ultraviolet (NUV) excitation (351 nm, 7F6 ! 5L9 transition of Tb3+), the mutual
coexistence of the 5D4 ! 7FJ (J = 6–3) (Tb3+) and the 5D0 ! 7FJ (J = 0–4) (Eu3+) luminescence bands
was clearly observed. The co-doping also resulted in gradual shortening of a lifetime from the
5D4 state of Tb3+ ions, and the ET efficiencies were varied from ET = 11.9% (Tb3+:Eu3+ = 1:0.5)
to ET = 22.9% (Tb3+:Eu3+ = 1:2) for xerogels, and from ET = 25.7% (Tb3+:Eu3+ = 1:0.5) up to
ET = 67.4% (Tb3+:Eu3+ = 1:2) for glass-ceramics. Performed decay analysis from the 5D0 (Eu3+) and
the 5D4 (Tb3+) state revealed a correlation with the change in Tb3+–Eu3+ and Eu3+–Eu3+ interionic
distances resulting from both the variable Tb3+:Eu3+ molar ratio and their partial segregation in CaF2
nanophase
3D PET image reconstruction based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method (MLEM) algorithm
Positron emission tomographs (PET) do not measure an image directly. Instead,
they measure at the boundary of the field-of-view (FOV) of PET tomograph a
sinogram that consists of measurements of the sums of all the counts along the
lines connecting two detectors. As there is a multitude of detectors build-in
typical PET tomograph structure, there are many possible detector pairs that
pertain to the measurement. The problem is how to turn this measurement into an
image (this is called imaging). Decisive improvement in PET image quality was
reached with the introduction of iterative reconstruction techniques. This
stage was reached already twenty years ago (with the advent of new powerful
computing processors). However, three dimensional (3D) imaging remains still a
challenge. The purpose of the image reconstruction algorithm is to process this
imperfect count data for a large number (many millions) of lines-of-responce
(LOR) and millions of detected photons to produce an image showing the
distribution of the labeled molecules in space.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Navigating the landscape of Postpartum Depression: a comprehensive review
Introduction and purpose:
The joyous occasion of childbirth is often overshadowed by the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), a complex mental health condition affecting mothers globally. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on PPD, exploring its frequency, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, and impact on maternal and child health.
Description of the State of Knowledge:
Recent studies indicate an alarming increase in PPD rates, with notable racial and socioeconomic disparities. Symptoms of PPD, ranging from mild to severe include mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, and self-harm ideation. The repercussions extend beyond the postpartum period, affecting long-term child development, breastfeeding practices, and the mother-infant bond. Advancements in screening tools, particularly the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), have facilitated early detection. However, creating an environment conducive to open communication about mental health remains a significant challenge. Interventions for PPD include psychotherapeutic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and complementary therapies. Brexanolone, the first FDA-approved drug for PPD, represents a significant breakthrough. Community-based and peer support programs, alongside a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals and support networks, have shown promise in alleviating PPD symptoms.
Summary:
In conclusion, PPD remains a substantial public health concern. Increased awareness of its multifaceted nature has led to improved screening, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Ongoing dialogue, supportive environments, and refined treatments are essential for enhancing the well-being of both mothers and their infants in the postpartum period
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