3,284 research outputs found
Central oxytocin and food intake: focus on macronutrient-driven reward
Centrally acting oxytocin (OT) is known to terminate food consumption in response to excessive stomach distension, increase in salt loading, and presence of toxins. Hypothalamic-hindbrain OT pathways facilitate these aspects of OT-induced hypophagia. However, recent discoveries have implicated OT in modifications of feeding via reward circuits: OT has been found to differentially affect consumption of individual macronutrients in choice and no-choice paradigms. In this mini-review, we focus on presenting and interpreting evidence that defines OT as a key component of mechanisms that reduce eating for pleasure and shape macronutrient preferences. We also provide remarks on challenges in integrating the knowledge on physiological and pathophysiological states in which both OT activity and macronutrient preferences are affected
Coulomb energy and gluon distribution in the presence of static sources
We compute the energy of the ground state and a low lying excitation of the
gluonic field in the presence of static quark -anti-quark (\qq) sources. We
show that for separation between the sources less then a few fm the gluonic
ground state of the static \qq system can be well described in terms of a
mean field wave functional with the excited states corresponding to a single
quasi-particle excitation of the gluon field. We also discuss the role of many
particle excitations relevant for large separation between sources.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure
Adhesion GPCRs are widely expressed throughout the subsections of the gastrointestinal tract
Background: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest families of transmembrane receptors and the most common drug target. The Adhesion subfamily is the second largest one of GPCRs and its several members are known to mediate neural development and immune system functioning through cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The distribution of these receptors has not been characterized in detail in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here we present the first comprehensive anatomical profiling of mRNA expression of all 30 Adhesion GPCRs in the rat GI tract divided into twelve subsegments. Methods: Using RT-qPCR, we studied the expression of Adhesion GPCRs in the esophagus, the corpus and antrum of the stomach, the proximal and distal parts of the duodenum, ileum, jejunum and colon, and the cecum. Results: We found that twenty-one Adhesion GPCRs (70%) had a widespread (expressed in five or more segments) or ubiquitous (expressed in eleven or more segments) distribution, seven (23%) were restricted to a few segments of the GI tract and two were not expressed in any segment. Most notably, almost all Group III members were ubiquitously expressed, while the restricted expression was characteristic for the majority of group VII members, hinting at more specific/localized roles for some of these receptors. Conclusions: Overall, the distribution of Adhesion GPCRs points to their important role in GI tract functioning and defines them as a potentially crucial target for pharmacological interventions. © 2012 Badiali et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Взрывоопасность угольной пыли и метана в горном деле
Данная статья посвящена проблеме предотвращения аварий на предприятиях горнодобывающей промышленности за счёт влияния. Рассматриваются причины повышения содержания газа в горных выработках. Дана сравнительная характеристика угольной пыли и метана по их опасности. Выявлено, что угольная пыль опаснее метана. Приведены меры по профилактике аварийности на горнодобывающих предприятиях. This article is devoted to the prevention of accidents in the mining industry at the expense of influence. It discusses reasons for the increase in gas content in mine workings. The author describes comparative characteristics of coal dust and methane at their danger. It is revealed that the coal dust is more dangerous than methane. The author gives measures for the prevention of accidents at mining enterprises
Entrainment coefficient and effective mass for conduction neutrons in neutron star crust: II Macroscopic treatment
Phenomena such as pulsar frequency glitches are believed to be attributable
to differential rotation of a current of ``free'' superfluid neutrons at
densities above the ``drip'' threshold in the ionic crust of a neutron star.
Such relative flow is shown to be locally describable by adaption of a
canonical two fluid treatment that emphasizes the role of the momentum
covectors constructed by differentiation of action with respect to the
currents, with allowance for stratification whereby the ionic number current
may be conserved even when the ionic charge number Z is altered by beta
processes. It is demonstrated that the gauge freedom to make different choices
of the chemical basis determining which neutrons are counted as ``free'' does
not affect their ``superfluid'' momentum covector, which must locally have the
form of a gradient (though it does affect the ``normal'' momentum covector
characterising the protons and those neutrons that are considered to be
``confined'' in the nuclei). It is shown how the effect of ``entrainment''
(whereby the momentum directions deviate from those of the currents) is
controlled by the (gauge independent) mobility coefficient K, estimated in
recent microscopical quantum mechanical investigations, which suggest that the
corresponding (gauge dependent) ``effective mass'' m* of the free neutrons can
become very large in some layers. The relation between this treatment of the
crust layers and related work (using different definitions of ``effective
mass'') intended for the deeper core layers is discussed.Comment: 21 pages Latex. Part II of article whose Part I (Simple microscopic
models) is given by nucl-th/0402057. New version extended to include figure
Preparing ground states of quantum many-body systems on a quantum computer
Preparing the ground state of a system of interacting classical particles is
an NP-hard problem. Thus, there is in general no better algorithm to solve this
problem than exhaustively going through all N configurations of the system to
determine the one with lowest energy, requiring a running time proportional to
N. A quantum computer, if it could be built, could solve this problem in time
sqrt(N). Here, we present a powerful extension of this result to the case of
interacting quantum particles, demonstrating that a quantum computer can
prepare the ground state of a quantum system as efficiently as it does for
classical systems.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur
Insights into the Mind of a Trojan Designer: The Challenge to Integrate a Trojan into the Bitstream
The threat of inserting hardware Trojans during the design, production, or
in-field poses a danger for integrated circuits in real-world applications. A
particular critical case of hardware Trojans is the malicious manipulation of
third-party FPGA configurations. In addition to attack vectors during the
design process, FPGAs can be infiltrated in a non-invasive manner after
shipment through alterations of the bitstream. First, we present an improved
methodology for bitstream file format reversing. Second, we introduce a novel
idea for Trojan insertion
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